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'_ -0CTOBER31914 I"

~ .' ' THE CHARLO'I_'1‘ETOWN GUARDIAN Z O Z _g ' :PAGENINE 1 ' qi

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For Parents, Teachers. Pu iis. - J

Dairymen Farmers. Igorsemeh

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Farmers and others interested are

mvited to contribute to The Farm. The Dairy, The Turf, and Good Roads departments of the Guardian either by 411105*-i011. correspondence or otherwise. Answers wtill be given by experts to all questions of general interest and space will be given to any articles that will in any wey help to advance Prince Rdward Is- land interests.

Contributors are asked to have

their articles at this oillce early _each week, ,B-B 0111? a short emergency item can be handled as late as one p. nl. Wednesday. All received nite that hour cannot appear until the following week.

§4»<¢~9~°f>*N~°2~Z¢»2~`»~;»»;»»;»;»;..;.»;»;»»,°».;-

THE SCHOOL

HID

THE HOME

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Contributora for this departmellt

should be addressed to

President Teacher's Association,

Guardians School and Horne. P. O. Box 188 Cllurlottetown.

I°°2°°I5°!°°.‘~°Z°°2°°2°°2°¢

When frying steak. do not cook one

side first, then turn over und fry the other. Just hardell for a second or two one side, and tllcll turll over and start frying the other, and you will find what a juicy steak you will have.

A simple method of making ironwork

proof against rust is to heat it until il ls almost red hot, and tllcu brusll it over with Iinscod oil. This makes a varnish which, unlike ordinary paint or enamel, does not chip off.

New potatoes are very much inl-

proved. and have ll delicious tasto, if boiled with a lunlp or two of sugar along with the nlillt. Two lumps ol sugar to a pound of potatoes give ox- ccllent results, rcndcriug them firnlol and more appetlsing. i

A good hint for those wllo do thcil

own paper llallgillg is to llpply tbl paste to tho wall instead of thc paper. Amateurs will find it luucll casicl' ll match lilo pattern,alld tllo puporis It-sl liuble to leur by following this method besides saving time and troublc. .

It,.is a good plan ill flaming stock

ings to hold tho darlling wool for i llllnuto or two ovor the spout of l kettle of boiling watcr. This shrink: the wool, and when thc stockings ul-1 Washed there is no fear of lnolldol parts shrinking nnd so tearing away from 'surrounding parts, so that tbl stockings last luucll longer.

It is not absolutely ncccssary to keel”

butter oll ice to kccp it hard ill hot weather. Procurc ll clf-all, new flowel pot. and soak ill cold water llnlf an hour. l‘ut your butter on zi plate ir lt rather high pile and turll lllc flower pot over lt. Cover witll ll clean cloth thoroughly wet and place in tht- cool- est place you have. A larger quantity of butter may be kept by using ll very large size flower pot. Kecp the cloth always wet. Milk nod cggs may be kept ln the same way if desired.

The ilttlc tongs that conlc in a box

of candy will be found usol`ul fol llulllng berries. Thoy will not bruisr lho fruit ami will prcvont the fingers from being staincd. When lookillll 0V cr fruit keep ll bowl of cold watel near, so that when small leaves ol crushed bcrrics stick to your finger: the hnllds may bo dipped in the watel and instantly cleaned. If this is dom the work of looking ovor fruit or llulllng it will bc accomplished lllucl more quickly.

Get the fresh sand for thc fiool

into the poultry llousc early (alto: ill-et getting the old sand out) bcforr the Fall rains nluko it wet ulld likell to freeze before It dries out.

lioalth and vigor are absolutely

necessary ill any hon that is expected to make good as u luyor during tht winter. lt is no usc to kccp llllllealllly run-flown or even slightly Weillielllld stock

How 'ro nizri-for A Noise.

lt sometimes hapllclli that an abnor

ma] none is heard from the nlccllnn lsln of s motor cal' or ol_hcr maclline. and that lt ls difficult to llnil just =`.i port of it is responsible. ill such casts many skilled nlechanl A D1`0C00‘l iff foliowst, and therc lu nf- boticr ‘V111- 'nwy “ke A gal, ploxl of metal, ll fini file. for example, -md place one I-.nd of it between their fee-xll; the otlloricnd t_.loy apply to the plrts of the nlac-line that may be suspected, of course while it is in motion. ny stonvins 111° 011" the abnormal sound can be dlstlnk11lB{1‘ ed from other noises, and with a lgtt E experience tho exact point fr0111 W lc it comes can he discovered.

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ABOUT OEESE

i .n

For mlny years there has been auf ilclent demand for 80'-Ile! "$2" Tas: "mn huh prices' The el e and the also commended a hlch 91°. dame B breeder 1 new M11 “IW”

ye or chickens They are the heel filallglllhglllald heartlest of all fowls. sel- S°111e n€0pll(eu;r‘;hIleraI§s`

ghgoone will eat as mucheetllplilnlltzyxé tml; gmszilifglllat ll`;|°- Old Beese are strictly .available ru “res when pasture is grown t . gud the goslins can he than ont; ve months of use with less principal Peck Ol' Brain each. The the Su ration of these fowls dul-Ing posed Iéltmcr and Fall months is com- Bheep r 811188. weeds and insects,

0 or cleaning up weeqg_

few” lllellrly every farm there are a Uvatpoaces that are worthless for cul- dmiz 51.1, All such places could be ‘mlm e or a goose pasture with prof- m ke results. Low, marshy grrund

ll 95 H good run for botll old fowls

and EOBIIHES if they can have u. dry “BPM 011 lllllil ground for a resting 11l11°° during the any and at night- lt must' not be understood. however, that iyaste ground is essential for the rais- ,l'-E of geese. They will thrive upon any pasture suitable for cattle, sheep or hogs. Cattle and geese will rnll DGHCGIUIIY l-Ugether. but overpasturing with geese is bud practice since thc l0Wl5 Soll U19 grass so badly that cat- tie do not like to graze after them, and li' eollilned in a small pasture they will soon kill it out. Geese can be raised successfully without water to swim in. but lf a small stream runs through the pasture, or'lf there is il spring pond, all the better. Ponds that are simply accumulations of stagnant water arc not desirable.

The chief objections to goose arc

their noisy and dirty ways. And ill

» fact, they are a nuisance ll' allowed to

run where they please, as they are auro to be destructive to growing crops and they will dirty the drinking water for tllo stock. lint as n rllle they are easily controlled. especially tllo large lvarleties. Geese will not thrive ill :lose conflllculcllt. but they should be fenced away from tho yard, garden .md stock tanks. A three-foot wire :letting fence will hold lllost of the breeds.

Expericllcod breeders of get-se say

that it is best to purchase breeding birds ill tho full, as it takes some time `or geese to bcconlo accustomed to -.ach other, lllld they will not mate up until they become tllorougllly acquain- ted. The choosing of mates generally 'ukcs place about the first of Febru- lry. Goose arc naturally monogamous :ll their wild state, but under artificial londltions ll gander will mate with lcvcral partners. But for good results .he gander should never be mated to inorc than tllrce folllalos. Geese arc very fultllflll and will livc ill families -for yours, the salnc mating taking Jlacc cach spring your nftcr ycar. But t is not dosirublc to use gnlldcrs over 'our yt-ars old. Young genders arc norc active and illsurc grcatcr fertil- ty ill lhc eggs lllall old birds. The lat- .cr also bccomc quarrelsonle und ugly .vitll ago.

Tho fcnlalcs arc good for breeding

Jurposcs, but they rl-null their best at .hrce yours of ago. Tho eggs of yearl- 'ng geese seldom llatcll well. Once .llc foundation is laid for goose farm- llg tllero is'llo advantage ill selling iff the old stock of females untiltllcy ‘cach a ripe old age, as they are the lest for breeding purposes, and tllo :oung birds bring tllo best prices in :he nlarkots.

',I`ilE LARGEST APPLIS

The largest and heaviest al.-ple ever

-.grown in the world, szlyslln llngllsh gflpcr, has been raiscd this |-canon ln ;.jngl,md_ 1; in ll tllorill. Mundi. and was produced by the some grower who n few seasons ago raised the famous gant al1Pl€ Ol the _“ln” V“_"' lety, which measured 26 lnchcs ln :ircumference nufl Wellllled 27 “Z- licnt for sale in Convent Garden 011 'Jctober 19, 1909, it realized the astonishing price of £14 ($70) by :lublic auction, breaking all prcvious record. 'l`he new record breaker weighs no less than 32h or. This .vondcrflll apple was l§1`0“'“ 1" “il 11 -“_ nnwm- pgt' the tree prndllclllg si\' mammoth fruits ut thu 8111119 time. It was this very tr” Wl11°l1 bore the giant of 1909.

(',‘.i'LLERY BLANCHING-

Our markets demand a clean. ,\-hlte-glglllked celery. This is obtnincd yy H process called blanching or grow-ing the leaf stalks in darkness. ihis destroys the color ill the stalk .nd prevents any more forming. It also makes the stall: crisp and tender. .l earth is used, a characteristic sweetness and nlltty flavor is obtain-

d. é l".nrly celery is llsually blanched with boards, paper. or somethillli °l that kind. If earth is used b9i0l`8 the :ool weather of Fall, it is llkeli' 50 muse rust or decay on the stalks, which, of course, destroys their val- le_ l-Early celery should be Nady to olanch any time after the middle of July, Sound boards 10 to 12 inches wide, one inch thick, and 12 to 16 lest long are laid on each ellie of the row, They may be cleated at the ,mlls and centre to prevent splitting or warping away from the Plllllli- Hooks are also used to lteep the up- per edges closo to ill* ¢9l°\’Y Siilllllll- Preated in this way, celery will bleach in frolll one to three weeks. depending on weather conditions. Warm moist weather will hasten Ltlanching, while cool weather will re- tard it. As fast as N19 bl0B¢l10d 001' :ry is used the boards may l'>° Pill- 011 other plants.. Building DHD” 01' "H1

Mwgpaperg, may 'be used if the seas- on is not too we . Late celery may be biannbed with beard. or with earth as mwt1°11°<1 shove. Earth-hlanched celery has a better flavor than board-blanched. Where earth is used. draw it ull hull or two-thirds or the wav to the for of the plant, when both plant and sell are dry, After a few dan. 11110" earth may bs put around the lllhllf-. ,mules lmm four to six inches of the top above the soil. This may be

l .

cqmlqefglgls profit from thils s(\i»u(r(¢,:Ie._,c°omp\lghe4 hy ll celery hll er, or

ge"-ln; eheee facts In min 1111 ' ellie-ins new my 111° ¢°°1gr'; }§,',‘,‘,‘§,‘{ :-:,‘l.:~.°l...°l-°:.-‘.".f:‘.‘r.'if.‘i‘-. All breeders of long experience with

ll ee l , bull tile noe. le is

:lln;tll::s an Ballvant-B89 '-0 "l'°“d’ len Ml," |,¢f¢~,|-5 billing, that Il, draw the stalks closely about the me el the oline. holdin: t\1°111~ 11

whom Lili." “med "7 th" than is more motley in scene than ll_:1.k°1;>;

:tees either by Wins °1' "l¢l1-°°ll- From ull te si¢l1t¢°11 4°" "° "°‘

°“1°f °'”‘ °‘ ’°“‘"" mu ml-'em-ea so time s»le~11°r 1'* 111

N” u |‘gN|1 than with dull » .

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. ,, el; .1 _e. ;.,\1v,,_¢.,,r

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this with soll will not be injured by quite severe frosts Where celery is to be stored for Winter use, it should be bleached but very little, if at all in the field.

. WATCH FOR DISEASE IN PIG8.

When sows, or even stud pigs are

brought to the farm they should be dipped or sprayed, as a matter of or- dinary precautlon against the intro- duction of vermin or disease. As an additional precaution, a qual-entlne pen should be used, especially if epidemics are prevalent. Strange pigs should not be mixed with the herd until their new owner is lllmself satisfied that they are not bringing trouble with them.

THE SELECTION OF RAMS.

When the ewes are selected and the

flock drafted and made up, the selec- tion of suitable rams has to he con- sidered. For those whose sole ob- ject is the production of mutton and wool and the keeping of the land in ll high state of fertility, purity of breed is not of so much importance. Certain crosses, judiciously used, produce lnost satisfactory results as regards both wool and mutton. ,8.l1d,,if this method be practised the necessary outlay is considerably reduced. But if it is thought desirable to take up ram breeding then the best sires frolll lllost fashionable flocks should be procured alld purity of breeding aimed at.

lll doing this it must be borne ill

mind what the general character of the flock is like and the faults alld ble- mislles that are nlost desirable to era- dicate as far as possible in the next generation. And to this end the rams purchased should he exceptionally strong in those poillts where the females are faulty, otherwise the re- sults will not be very satisfactory. In choosing the ram it is necessary care- fully to observe the important points of good quality, pure breeding, and good constitution. These qualities a ram must possess, along with as much style and ilnlsll ns it is possible to obtain. It is on the male that so much depends as regards the quality of the future generation. He should possess ll masculine appearance, the head be- lng free from coarseness, a fine muz- zle, and a quiet, tilllld appearance in the eye which bespeaks of an aptitude to fattell. Exceptional size is unllec- essary, lll fact, a medium-sized, level backed animal, closely made, and fair- ly fine in the bone. with wool of the rigllt sort, tllickncss and lem-rtll, ac- cording to the breed. It is essential to examine closely the way tho animal stands. Some ralns stand squarely on - their foot, others are very faulty, and notice should bc takcn to see whether there is ally inclination to weakness ill tllo llocks and Ilind logs. Fairly straight hooks, clean bones and good action are osscntinl points to the char- acter of a well-brod ralll. The alli- nlal sllould hundlo well to tho touch and ally inclination to rawness on the back indicates a hard feeder. This, it must be remembered, will be trans- mitted in the lambs. A full girth rolllld the heart indicates good lllngs, whilst strong kidneys are shown by a strong broad loill, and a wcll-ribbed animal of ll “barrel shape” shows a good digestion.

lt often happens tllat the most hand-

some anlmals are tho worst stock-geb ters, and sometimes are llbsolnto fail- ures. This most frcquclltly occurs with animals that have been forced for the showyard, and the strain has boon too great. lt is here that a great deal of disappointment may occur, cspocilll- ly if tho ram was purchased at a high figure.

LICE ON LIVE STOCK

Farm animals, especially those hous-

ed ill stables more or less infested with insects and vermin, are colnnlon- ly troubled with llco. Animals ill good hcaltll rosist tho insects. but those al- ready ill a non-thrifty condition do not furo so well. Lice cause a. good deal of annoyance to farm stock. inasmuch as they bite the skin, suck the blood, and thus cause considerable irritation. Lice can be seen with the naked cye. infestation, as a rule. takes place in filthy quarters, ami thc best means of disinfecting such places is by tilo use of cl spray or kerosene. One of the best moans of applying this to hogs consists in rubblllg posts, which arc contantly smeared with kcroscno. In this way tho hogs are induced to treat tllemsclvcs. infested hogs may also be treated by pouring kerosene directly over the infested parts, like tho neck, shoulder ulld back. Dipping tanks, made of cement or wood, are frequent- ly located in the run yardsin which is pieced sonle disinfectant fluid. Hogs use these small tanks as wallows.und in this way they disinfect themselves.

For horses and .cattle a good remedy

is made as follows: Boll for all hour 8 tablospoonfuls of arsenic, 8 tablespoon-

with a little of lt, using a brush or cur- ry comb to get it into the skin. Anoth-l er good remedy is made of bollingl staves-acre seeds 1 art to 20 arts of

be repeated within a week or so.-

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pig-raising is cl-amp. The pls is 6X~

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A POULTRY KILLING

For killing poultry 3 s

may be made according t

lowing directions by 1-1. U. the United States Dep

agriculture.

lbe knives in conlm

bleeding -and _hrainlng p not suited to their pur

olades are too broad an

and the curve nt the Doin

on the back instead ol' 0

lhe handle is so large the

ls encouraged to use too

in making the cut to ble

sharp knife,

properly directed, is all th sd to cut the blood ve knives are also sanitary i collects at the junction 0

a iight touch of the

and handle.

‘l Ile Knife which is to

bleed and brain poultry small, with a narrow bla phat, it does not bend; steel, so that it can be

and is not picked when

brailling; and the handle

should be in one piece. S

with the aid of the pa g

e and oil-

stone, can be made fron

elllery wheel ol! gr-indston

dat tile.

'l`o make this knife the

the file shouln first be I`hen the blade should

from the small end of t

should be 2 inches long,

lncll wide, and one-eighth at the back. ‘The curve to point should slope from downward. A blade of

reaches the blood vessels

more surely than does a which the point curves up the blade is /made the rid file should be ground dow

just enough roughness to knife slipping in the hand

er. Tile length of the knif

should be 7 inches.

After extensive experime

United States Department culture in investigating th tive rate of decomposition

poultry it has been found l. tndrawn poultry

rnorc slowly than does po

or partially

has been either wholly evisccruted.

2. “Fllil-drawn" poultry,

Rith heads

and feet removed, deco

colnplctoly evisceratcll,

.lost rapidly.-

druwu" stand midway

Il. "Boston drawn" zl

llndrllwn and fllll-l1l‘21Wl1 i

l

decomposition. The "W which is most like the u usually the better.-

HOUSES FOR LA".‘NG

Tllorc are not many of

now wllo are leaving the

side the year roulld. Tll few wllo have the impre

sinco many hells roost ln

the good old sulllmor time

is their natural roostlng consequently they lenvo til

winter to brave the elenle

oro weather.

is not apt to lay many egg she gets thoroughly warme

hell, roostillg in a tree ill z

the spring. To lay well th

e

rotected a

be D

ordinary wind or open barn is not protcc ill travelling throughout

one can still find many D tho fowls are allowed to r implements in the shed or In the barll. Naturally the

r, in ills ig-

ill winter, and the farnlo norance. is disgusted with

and swears there is no nlo try. Tile poor follow does

o

that Ile is at fault and n

Give the hens a fair Chun

will usually make good.

The small or the large

have a poultry house for things upon which profltab

duction depends is a house. The more eggs lai

winter months the larger i

from the dock, but the d lenl in the country is to ge

The question of winter bo

more important than t farmer thinks.

The principal reqnirem

oultr house nre~ That

D Y - comfortable the year nrou shall be dry, that it shall fowls with fresh air at nil it shall be fairly light. tha free from drsugllts und dn

shall be convenient.

fuls of soft soap in two gallons of wat-l That seems a lot to expect in one er. After being prepared by boiling house but “lt can be done.' General- add enough water to make two gallons. ly speaking H l10\lS0 ls °°llll'°"l“l‘ll"’ When cool. wet the animal all over which provides for plenty Of fI`0Sl1 0-ll'

and ls free from drsuBl1lB-

LOCATION.

~ D D _ .

water. for an hour, and let it simmer, The location sllould be dry. if the for another hour; then add water to ground is not dry naturally ll Slmlllll make it up to the original lmlll. 'rms he wsu drained. 'rlus may be 110110 applied to the affected parts brings by putting fn a tile drain or by an or- qulck relief.. it ls advisable to repeat dinary ditch drain which ll" U99" the application in n week or ten days, filled with coarse stone In the bottom. so as to catch any new Ilcs from any over which earth IB ll11”°W11- 'l`l10 eggs that were not caught by the first yards should be drained so that they application. A ver common treatment, will be dry 111°" 0l I-l1° l-lU1°- DBIDD ls secured by mlxlng a pint of linseed ‘ ground means cold Sl‘0\U11l l1°¢iBl\l§ oll, 8 tablespoonfuls of sulphur. This rapid evaporation cools the sol. ls then rubbed on the afflicted parts also means unhealthy soil siince the onceadey for two days and allowed te air cannot penetrate to keep t sweet remain for a few days. after which it is and clean. A sandy loam is DI‘0l'\1Bbly washed off with soap and water. In‘ the best kind of soil for n poultry serious cases the application should plant.. While B heavy dry Clay IB 111081

undesirable.

Exchanse_ Avoid locating poultry houses In

0:0 ozo s°s .§.

3¢‘°»

°..;..;»;».;..;..;..;..;..;..;..

of the best

l I

tion enough.

t the hens to

lay during our extrenloly c

h

l present aim one hundred hens on the

average farm producing one hundred eggs per bird per pear we would make the greatest advance. One hundred hens can be looked after as easily as a flock of thirty or fifty and thus a larger income is derived for the same amount of time and labor involved.

Houses built on the colony or separ-

ate plancost more to build than a con- tinuous houso of the same capacity; it costs more to build foul' colony houses each holdlllg 25 birds than it does to build a permallt house for 100 hens. Ordlnarily we expect to get more eggs frolu ll small flock of 25 or 50 than from a flock ot' 100, but every time we double tllo size of the flock we divide the time and amount of -labor. Tho avcrugc farmer wlil do just ns well with a flock of lou as 'vith a slnuilel' flock but .100 is tho lnaxilllum number.

SPECIFIC:-`\`7I0I‘l5.

A safe workiur; rule is to allow l`r.ml

4 to ui :s inure fo-=i ilo- .‘ sp:-ce per lfl-ll ’l‘llcrl i. little llil"\-l'-:loc in rcquiwz- ments -is regards the incl-I-s.

Tllo ll .lrer square ll l\o:l.f.c is,-o.'l-_ :‘

things bong equal,-~ ll. l,._..,5 lumber it will require.

The shape ol' the roof influences til.:

cost of a house as well us the cost ot' the sides. Tile steeper thc pitcil, thc greater the expense is compared with a gable or colllbllatioll roof. Tile steep- er the roof the greater the cost ol"rooi`~ illg but the longer lt will last. Most roofs call be one-lourtll pitch wllilo shnlgle roofs sllould gcncrally be unc- tllird.

FRESH AIR IS NECESSARY.

Curtaillfronts are being adopted

everywhere and with good satisfaction. At th'e same time, the use of curtains has been carried to tho extreme ill some cases. Houses are sonletlmes too cold. Tile best- way to nlako li house warm is to make it as low ns possible-just high enough to make it convenient for working. That is _why the open-front house is so popu- lar. It provides fresh air at nil times and still protects the birds from draught. The open-fl-ont or curtain front house is self-Ventilating, which is a decided advantage ill keeping the ail' in thc house pure.

<,!_<-.nlellt doors are doubtless thc most

satisfactory ill the lollg run. 'i‘hc_v should be well made with good lunil=.r 1-oddlllg so that tllcy will always bo dry. Board floors are dry but are ofttlltlmes cold. Earth floors are satisfactory providing they cull be lscpt dry.

POULTRY KEEPING

FOR THE BEGINNER

Selecting Stock Birds

Discard the wasters.-To afford

.V0l1llt: stock the opportunity for dovol- opnlout the Ilrst point is rigidly to ivccdout the wasters. I have already lllclltloncd the inlportunce of doilfg so ln previous nrticlcs. but I should like to emphasise the necessity of weeding out wherc_ the selection of futuri- breoders ls concerned, thus leaving plenty of space for the most promising' chickens. 'i`o hamper or retard th:-lr grnwtll by allowillg them to breath(- lmpure air or to run on contaminated ground, will spoil thc cllaractoristif-.= that are so essential to success ill tllose from wllicll it is intended to lll`0@fl- VGIZV frequently nlls-sllapon, badly colored, or otherwise faulty birds are allowed to exist to thc dolri- mcnt of thc remainder. lt ls, how- evor, perfectly truo that when chick- ens have roacllell thc ago of tl-ll or iwclvc weeks the temptation to kr,-op tllelll _to killing ago is voryrgrl-ut, but the initial mistake was ill keeping till-ln so lollg. They should have been dis- posed of before this age.

The most promising chickens arl-

not necessarily those that are thc lllost attractive in appearance. l-‘or ill stance those which at ll vcry curly ugl- have grown their udult piunlago, and look trinl and nent, almost porfof-t il- thoir prelllaturc "finish," scldmr reach the stalldnrd size of tho vllril-ly to which they bciollg;; nor do ilu-_\ prove of lnuoll scrvlce when sclci-toll for the breeding pen. li. is better it keep for stock purposes tllosc flint art big-boned, angular and somewhat un galllly ill appearance. and secnl to b< growing right away from their lt-atb ers Tlloso birds are developing tbcll frame quickly and their internal or guns mort- slowly, and the more grad ual dcv<-lopnlcnl takes place ill tlll luttcr. the better. lt is not lllwayli tbl very curly laying puilcts that nro fill most suitable for spring brooding Tllorcfore-, the growth of the pullc-ts in thc curly stages sllould be obscrvod and it will be invariably bc foulld that tllnso which mature slowly when this stage is reached arc the more por fect.

.‘ Delay ill nlaking selection.-Thorn

orc many poultry-keepers wllo lnakr the mistake of leaving thc selection of the breeders until almost the nctull tilllo of breeding has arrived, with tbl rcsult that it is done so llurrlcdly that duo consideration cannot be given to the necessary characteristics osscntiz-li in breeding stock. Of courso,ldo noi meall to illlply that future brccderl should be selected when they are chic kells. but an eye should be kept on those that show signs of futurl value. and it will frequently be found that thcso birds figure vcry prominent ly when the time arrives for the fin ul selcctioll.

Typo ill utility stock.-When select

Ing birds for breeding purposes It ll absolutely necessary that the type oi the particular variety should be strict ly observed. The utility man is very often tempted to ignore the standards and regard them as purely matters for the fancler. This. however. ls a mls tako. and one tllst very often leads tr failure, since many of these so-called arbitrary points have economic value, and when the standards-that is cx- ternal points-are neglected it will invariably be found that the birds will

l'1`hat poultry keeping may be con-'em-.tlnue at that exact speed through-

ducted with proflt requires no verifica-

~tioll here. Everyone, no matter what,

,the station ill liic is, may secure a

to the extent of his operations-n re-' turn that is unequalled by any other lndivldual branch of farming. | But to make the utnlost out of this or ally other occupatioll, it is absolute-f ly necessary that every detail in the

ago. Perllaps most failures are atlri-` butable to want of experience then to anything clse. l do not nlellll to ill- sluuute (says o. writer In all cxcllnnge) that ulllcs cnc has had a thorough training in poultry culture, one should not hoop fowls, or, If one does, that failure is thc inevitable end. it is only wht-ll a start is made on a very large scale, wltllollt knowledge or ex- pcricllcc, that failure is ulmcst sure to follow. The nlall wllo starts wltll a few fowls and nlldortukes the work llilnsclf, gains experience duy by day, ami when ills l-stubiisllnlent develops. llc is wr.-ll llblc to i`ar'r: ally olllergcllcy that may ariso, and to overcome diffi- cultics that would entirely overwhelm the lllall wllo started on a large scule with little ol' no experience.

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MILKING AND THE MILKER

Thr-ro is a grczlt <lifforelll-e ill the cf-

fcct that a change of lnilkors will llavc upoll different cows. Sonic cons will allow till-nlsclvcs to be milked by ai- most anyone who aproaclles tllenl, but no cows will lllilk equally wcll wltll all persons. Sonic cows will dislike., or, fear, ur kick with tllrce out ol' tlvl-I persons who try to llliik ill(-ln. The-y| will oilr-n rcfusc to yield tlloir lllilk' to any other than the milkt-,r tu wllolll they uri- zlt-rilstllllleil. Owllcrs ol' :lair- ics cannot afford to overlook thc pro- i't-rl,-llcc that cows have for ccrtzlill- milkors. it is a prci`ori-lice that is ban- ed on lll-,l'vl-s, and nciihcl' tllr-, cow nor the lnilkcr can <-untroi it. The cow in pel'i`c<-t a<-cord with tho attendant will show ht-r for-lillgs by llcr nc- tiolls. When our \\'honl silc docs not like nppi'ou<'ll<-s Ili-,r sho shows hcr dislike by stalulillg pcrfcctly still, or by moving away. Tilt- dllirylnzlll sllould discover thc lihcs and dislikes of his cows as carly in ilu-lr carl-cr a pos- siblc. Tilt- mill; and llllticr-fat they wiil prolillco will dl-pond largely up- on the lllilkt-rs llc provides to <lrn\\' their lllilk. 'i`lll- puiut is that thi- l-ow is at highly solisiliw and llcrvous ma- chine. She <-all do hcl* in-st work only when hor llcrvl-s art- in their norlnal condition. 'l`hc lllilkcr wilosc pros- cllcc, toucll or volvo lllroivs ill-r into a Stat(-. oi' foal* or cxcitclnl-lll will ncvcl' bc able to product: milk ill thf- Illl'gt~st quantity or oi' thc best quality.

__________.___..,,,.__

USE MORE MILK

One of the mnllletays of our diet is

or should bc good. whois-some lllilk. ill thc time of a crisis, like that through which wc arc now passing, attention always turns to thc avail- ubiu food supplies, and l">w thc peo- plo can bo fed to tilc lit-st advant- llgl- and ui sulallcst cost. 'i`llt-ro has ,luring tho last month boon al. great ll(-al of lliscussioll rt-gslrdillg tbl-| .linds of crops; to grow .lnrl iilc class .if stock to rush i`ol'w:lrd for luarkci, but liiflc has lim-ll said about ilicrcas- dig illc milk supply. lluitcr and cllut-so lrl- Iikvly to llc in licnland. and llli lhal will bl- pl'odill'i:il will [ind a "cally lllarlu,-I. Noi. only 1-.ilollld tilt- .lairy furlllul' ox(-rt llinlsclf to in- .:l'l-asc his output of milk. for illcsc ;llalllll'acillr<-ll products, but ho should ,llso plan to produce albulldalltly for zity trado, thc city people sllould make all thc use possible of this lllllk ts a food. \\-'llalt child is tht-rc that will not tllrivl- wt-ll on brt-nd and milk. und what 1-Iloapor and more wllolcsonlc diet could bc oi`t`cred it? In the rusll and Ililsilc to lay ill sup- pllcs dairy products, particularly nlilk iavc bel-n forgotten or overlook-, ed. Plan ill the future to use more lllilk. ll. will aid in lilo prcpflraiioll of good wholesome food is ll colll- pleto food ill itself, is reasonable in price, ami has evorytlling to recom- lllclld it.

THI-I (‘.ili-iAl\'i .\`l<lI’Al'i.ATflli.

.lt thc Purdue Experimental Stat-

ion, Indiana, vcry exhaustive tc-sts were carried on to show thc trculcud- ous losses through wrong operation oi crcaln scpllrntors. _-\ separator was rllll nt its normal speed of fifty- fivc turns to thc crank handle per minute. Fifty pounds of milk were run through the separator. At this speed it delivered 45 lbs. of sl-.im milk and 5 lbs of cream. This cream tested 2.11 lbs. of bdtter-fat. When the speed was increased te 7.'> turns por minute che skim milk discharge-I was -itil lbs., reducing elle cream to 35 lbs. .\|.<l the amount of butter-fat wns slightly less than when the sep- arator was turned ut normal speed.

Nr-xt, li. test was made by letting,

the speed of thc machine drop llown to that nt which it has been found the average dnirymnn operates ll cream separator, with the astonish- ing result that the discharge from the "cream" spoilt i-.ent up to 9; lhs., but it tested only 1| percent of butter-int-only 1.04 lbs. of fat out for so lbs. of milk, as against 2,11 lbs., when the sepcrator was operated correctly.

Dnlrymen, say! a writer ln the

“Scientific American," are loeinlz from 20 to 50 percent of their butter fat with every operation. This is n mutter of waste that is simply np- pnlling llhcn the aggregate figures of -ill the dnirymen in the country nro_

a low place where the cold slr can not breed "ue to their economk. chap considered. It probably runs into

.. settle. secure wal-mln by bulldlua , H, ____B --p 'l ,l 1.' lt _ thousands of dollars with each miuf-

TREA1-Mlnf gp gmemp |N plqg_ in the lee of a windbreak or in tho :C er' :si FY th rzuhfh ou ry ‘lam

shelter Of I bll'l1~ Umar' n ca ere 6 Now ,_ speed indicator has been ln-

_°"" Houses that face the south or south-

ill t th lsr est amount of ex EXPERIENCE IN

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vented to be applied to cream separ-

Ons of the common c0u'1DlBl11ll 111 9°” W 5° ° , 5 ' FOUL-my KEENNG ntors, mounted on the crank shaft of

the separator. As e separator handle

ceptlonnlly subject to these muscular ` _ 1 t ,. 5' th' 1 ct h f I _ ff tl hlch are sudden and pain TYPE INFLUENCEB COST. l While it would be in vain to at i *‘ “ “P " ° “ ““"‘ "" 0 """‘

B BC 0115- W ` V I ,I I .,. _Hlllitim-.s por lninntl- that the omni

nn' Cnmp is l)‘klva’fHlallIllghld?l‘l;l"€H Tho slzo of tho houso depends upon ;?4“:llftf:\‘ill(l:I-14:' |l‘:1(`l>I:»tll\il‘:']yl~k2;`p‘I'l\l‘:z‘?,it MI; \l11\f1dI<‘ is mavnq is shown in a defin-

|311? r?:ll'I;ul'lI\t‘f,oll,r fheycramp from re- the number of bigls in the flock. The well to emphasise from time to time .ite ilsrilrc. so that it muv be reed at msinlng too long in one attitude and chief principle o oultry improvement common mistakes. several of which in glance, There Is no calculating to the cl-amp which consists of muscular le to increase the silo of the flock on generally mean, lf not actual failure, he mme; it is only necessary to keen spasms. Castor oil, Epsom salts. and the average farm and to improve the at any rate, considerably less profltlm, mmlng 'fhe erm-ll; handle “hell nitrate of pouch sre useful medicines. quality. If we would only have as our than might reasonably be expected. eh, D,-09,, WW; 1, "wheel ,Pd

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,wonderfully good return in proportion-

mallagement may bo turned to udvant-`

out the separation. This eliminates all guess work entirely. It also adds zest to the otherwise monotonous op- erations, pnrtlcularly when the sep- aration requires upwlffl 04 I!!! l19l“"| turnllng, as it does in many instances.

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WHEN A HORSE BREATHE8

The not of breathing, when a horse

is ill health, should be carefully noted. Tllere are two acts, known as in- spiration, or drawing in of air: and xpirution or the rrepulsion of air. Dur- ing tllc intake the ribs rise visibly and the flanks dlstend until the lungs are- ulled. This is followed by gradual lowering of the ribs and falling in of tho flanks. “Everybody knows thnt"I yes, everybody knows that nlucll, but if they have not carefully observed tllo acts of respiration they will not recognize slight departures from the norlnal. A horse nt rest. say ln the morllillg before he has left the stable. should be taken as the standard. Tho action may then be compared with one that has been trotted or galloped and the respiration much accelerated. ln the latter cnse the rapidity of the rise and fall will not be accompanied by any distress--the broatlllng will lllorcly be quick instead of slow.

Now let us tako an example of dis-

case where tho movements are inter- l'el‘cd witll.

l‘lellrisy, pleuritis, or inilamation of

till- chest nlelnbraue lining the wall and covering the lllng, immediately re- stricts thc movonlollts oi' the ribs. be- (-:lnse puin is folt, more particularly in lilo act ol' inspiration. A mall will ll-5-sr-ribc it as “a stitch in the slde," all-l suddenly stop in taking what was illtelldod for a deep broatll. A horse oft;-ll emits a groan or grunt which is oxprc-,ssivc language to a person who has made himself acquainted with the language of pain.