aozni kill-Ii rnu-craaquanopa-

HiiiEii ,RESSED PlilliTRY

v

a:

(Experimental Farms Note)

Like any perishable food product which is not completely sterilized, dressed poultry is subject to a. de- terioration ire-quality and eventual gpollage through the action of micro-organisms. The, speed and extent of this deterioration will depend upon just how nearly "i9 storage conditions are adapted to preventing the growth of these organisms.

Four factors are involved in microbial growth, food, moisture. time and temperature. With dress- ad poultry in storage the latter is the only factor by control of whlcn temporarily inevitable spoilage may be deferred. As the freczin! point is approached microbial growth slows down and many species, such as the few whlcn cause disease, are unable to grow at all. Unfortunately, certain types of moulds, yeasts and bacteria can grow at temperatures even below freezing. and these are the Ones’ responsible for spoilage in chilled dressed poultry and similar pro- ducts. .

studies concerning the deterior-

' atlon of dressed poultry by the Division of Bacteriology, in co-op- oration with the Poultry Division of the Central Experimental Farm. Ottawa, have yielded some inter- esting facts. O'vei' 1'15 birds. Sillfed for different periods 11D 7-" “it” weeks ‘have been examined to date, ' and the results indicate the im- portance of bacterial growth on

the skin surface as a factor in de- termirling" kceplns cull-iii?» Tii° characteristic odour of spoilage is

first noticeable when the bacterial mum, on the skin tissue reaches

two million per Squaw Wimmw“:

1t generally precedes visible mould

V growgyh and may become objec- tionable before there ls any swat increase of bacteria in, and Oilfi-

;__ oequeri. gecllmlmsit‘ “l ‘he

~ muscular ssue. _

Under practical conditions the gpqflflge organisms are invariably present on the skin of a freshly dressed bird. Since these can Erow 5i, storage temperatures, them is a Iirnit beyond which spoilage Mll- not be avoided- At 30 degrees F. the maxuurh safe period i! Biliiiii five weeks. while at 32 degrees, F. it in a. week shorter. ‘fhis applies only to birds receiving careful and

xggriitan-y treatment, as befii-i i1

highly perishable foodstuff. Where

r this is neglected, the length of the

"t period of safe storage may be

greatly shortened, and may result in considerable finllllvlfl-l 1°"-

Qf Hints by" Expert On " i. Way to Boil Fish

Mrs. Evelene Spencer, the late pookery specialist of the Dullliiiiii“ Department of Fisheries, 118d I word of helpful suggestion for housewives who find that when they “boil a fish the inner cam 0i iiie flesh are still underdone when tho outside is just nicely WW1-

Plunge the fish first into boillnB water for a few minutes. Mrs. 5P9"- cer advised. then fldd 6°13 “m” and continue the cooking slowly B-ii the simmering point only. "This is the best way to avoid the Oliiélde being overdone while the fish’ 51m remains half raw at the bone. B“ said. And, of course, like any Othfii‘ food, fish can be robbed of all its tastinese by faulty cooking.

The length of time required f" boiling will vary. Mrs. Spell"? ei‘ piained out of her years of exper- fence in fish cookery. acoordiri! W the thickness of the fish. "Allow six to ten minutes for each l>°iii1<i °i fish, according to thickness,’ shé said. "When cooked.‘ Bile added»

' "the meat always falls away from the bone and if the fish beilic used a... of the white-mooted variety the colour of the cooked flesh is creamy

. white all the way ihwuzh- I! the flesh is water-white near the bone. it is not fully cooked. The Wei/Bi

. in which the fish is boiled should

,' be well salted and it should. be gigjdulated by adding either 19mm

. juice or vinegar. which Mi will

1 imports additional flavour but

J ‘helps to keep the flesh firm.

j _1n the booklet, Tish and flow t0 hich she ,.r0l>BNd 101'

it in; haiit. Th]; baa been found to ‘ be advantageous. Several Jtraim

STiiRlNli FARM MA B H I N E RY

(Experimental Farms Note)

Proper care should be exercised at all times to protect the large investment in farm machinery from rapid union oration. Hes. moisture, wind. frost and direct sunlight are the most destructive elements encountered by farm equipment. ‘

Storage means protection against these deteriorating effects during the inactive life of the machines and has been found by the D0- minion Experimental Station, at Swift Current, to be the greatest single factor in prolonging the life of farm machinery.

The most active period of de- terioration is during the season of machine use. It is important. however, to protect machinery the year around from the effects of weather. Generous use of paint on all wood and metal. parts, wherever the original has worn thin, and the removal to a dry shed of all slats, canvasses, knives, plough- shares, cultivator teeth, etc., im- mediately the machine is out of use, will help prolong the useful life of the implement.

Park all bearings with the cor- rect grade of lubricant. Cover all exposed metal parts worn bright from use with old crankcase or tr ission oil before putting the machine aside even for a few days. This will keep out all dirt and moisture from the bearings and off the wearing surfaces, thus pre- venting excessive wear due to rust.

Clean all seed from drill boxes, make sure that all dirt is removed from plough or one-way disk bot- toms and that they are well greased before leaving. All straw, grain or weeds should be thor- oughly cleaned from binders, combines, separators, cultivators. disks, etc, before greasing and painting for storage.

Bright sunlight and moisture cause exposed wooden parts to warp and crack, paint ed

appll early will prevent this destruction. Metal parts exposed will rust and wear; grease or paint wm save these surfaces.‘ .

Inside storage of grain boxes. wooden drills, wagon runriinggear and wooden separators is desirably.‘ but not essential. Outside storage of machinery has been found highly successful at the above sta- tion when proper care has been exercised to protect against, ani- mals and weather by good fences, the use of paint and proper-lubri- cants.

lliwvlnllll Bllulll BRASS

(Experimental Farms Note)

A new variety of brome grass has recently been developed by the D0- minion Experimental Farms, and sufficient seed is now available for the making of extensive teats throughout the country. The new variety is the result of many years of plant breeding. Brouie grass is more widely grown than any other cultivated grass in Western Canada and it is highly prized as a hay and pasture crop because of its drought resistance and good feeding-value. Common brome grass, however, has certain undesirable feeturespcbief among which is the strongly spread- ing habit which makes it difficult to eradicate, especially under fav- ourable moisture conditions. It be- comes root-bound very quickly, af- ter which the yield rapidly falls off.

Work was begun on developing the new strain by Dr. L. E. Kirk many years ago at the University of Saskatchewan, and since 193i it has been continued by Mr. T. M. Stevenson, who is in charge of the Dominion Forage Crops Labora- tory at the University of Saskat- chewan. One of the chief objects was m develop a type of brome grass which would be free from the objectionable spreading under- ground stems. The method adopted was to self-fertilize or ‘ a

i plants

large ‘ of Z. ' “

each season and select in succeed- ing years. from the pmgen‘ . $11986 types with the non-creeping habit of growth.

Inbreeding, in an open fertilised oropuaually reaultsin loss, of v18- our and fled prodllflifiil. "iii him" grass proved no exception in this respect. One strain, however, was secured which retained all of its vigour of- growth and which lean excellent seed Vmfliiliflff M? u" some time the plank do Millio- lusc the objectionable underground stems, and they are mar. demo and leafy. lrbe new strains, "however, is ' l entirely free from the amend-

‘aaahaynldpntura

‘Canadaalnovnunboomc

VAR|ET|ESOF WHITE’ BLWER

(Experimental Farms Note)

In the pioneer days of Canada, the Indiana spoke of white clover as “white man's footprint" because they observed that wherever the White man invaded the natural forest white clover was always to be found. Since those early days it has spread rapidly through all parts of Canada and now occurs naturally wherever moisture condi- tions are favourable. It does not thrive naturally in the Prairie Provinces. nor in the southern part of Ontario, although it is found there, but throughout the Maritime Provinces. and large sec- tions of Quebec and Northern On- tario, as well as in British Col- umbia west of the mountains, the clover often grows in great pro- fusion. That it does not play a larger part in the pastures of these areas is due, not so much to the fact that it is not present as to a lack of knowledge of the factors which make for its best develop- ment. We now know that wherever white clover thrives naturally its encouragement is necessary in the making of good pastures. No oth- er plant is so worthy of careful attention.

"common white Dutch" clover, the ‘seed of which is frequently used in lawn grass mixtures. All of this seed used in Canada is iln

from various parts of the world where it is grown commercially. A few improved varieties have been developed, among which may be mentioned the Danish “Morso" and “Stryno? Irvrecent years there have been frequent references to “wild white clover” which comes from England and New Zealand. It is important to understand what is meant by wild white clover and its advantages for pasture pur-

poses. 4

"Wild white clover" differs from “common white Dutch" clover chiefly in being more persistent and perennial in character. It is the result of a long process of natural selection by continuous close grazing. which has gradually eliminated the taller Blowing and less persistent types, leaving only those types which spread rapidly by runners and hug the ground closely. The latter are true pasture types capable of withstanding ‘close grazing. They depend for propagation less on seed and more on their ability to spread by veget- ative means. Wild white clover, however, does produce seed, but less abundantly than does the common white Dutch. The seed is valuable because of the fact that it is harvested from pastures that have been grazed closely for many years. This is the reason that the seed is high in price.

'I‘ests of white clover varieties, conducted at the Central Ehrperi- mental Farm, Ottawa, and on a number of the Branch Experi- mental Farms throughout the Do- minion, indicate that Englishwlld white clover, especially the Kent- ish strain, and New Zealand wild white clover are mllch superior to the common white Dutch for pas- ture purposes, and for the reasons mentioned above. An effort is now being made to produce seed com- mercially i.n Canada from pastures which have been closely grazed for at lcast ten years. It is considered quite possible that through natur- al selection strains of wild white clover may be found in Canada which are even better adapted to Canadian conditions than that which/is grown elsewhere.

One other variety of white clover deserves special “ , because it is essentially different in ap- pearance and habit of growth from either white Dutch or wild white. This is commonly called "Mammoth" white clover or "La- dino." The leaves are much larger and the plant is taller growing. Good reports have been received of its behaviour in pasture mix- tures, but in our tests it has not shown the same sistence as wild white clover under close grazing. In some other respects it is an excellent clover and it is being studied closely in our pas- ture work. . is not grown at the present time, the new variety has given very food results. but further teats will be necessary in comparison with other grasses such as timothy and blue grass. some of th¢ main ad- vantages oeenJor this variety in certain parts of Ontano are its drought resistance and especially its early habit of growth in the spring. Last year it was ready for grazing two or three week: earlier than timothy or bluegrass. '

The new variety of brorne grass will ba called "Parklandfj indicative of its adaptation to the Park Belt 0f the Prairie Provinces. Seed will not be available for general diatri- bution this year‘.

IbNDON. Nov. 3B—Subject to confirmation from the South Af- rican Lawn Tennis Association, a British team, comprising Misses Foggy Ccrivon, nods James, Nancy Lyle, Itvciyn Doorman an lhty Hardwlck, will tour the Un-

Nearly everyone is familiar Viflthunfayorable

i’...

ASTBONOMIOAI. EVENTS

The hook-up of the planets and our satellite. the moon, promlaps t0 be quite interesting in its variety, and if one may judge by this pagt, Wii-i imply provide us with bad weather in the coming month; I venture w prophecy that the first week in December will be very dis- agreeable. On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, the moon will b; in the neighbor- hood (visually) of Uramls; and it will be ihuPerigee (nearest the earth) on the 5th. Inn: 880 it was noted that Perigee-was favorable to the' "production ‘of’ earthquakes. but from the fact that there has been an unusual number of violent tremors duringthe" past two months, it is probable that thaiension is relieved and our planet has settled down for the present. it ls full moan on the 9th. Thence to the 18th there is nothing of importance. On the 16th and 17th the moon will be in the vicinity of , Venus, and on the latter date inApogee, i.e., fur- thest from the-earth. (‘fills brought disastrous" storms on the last two occasional. On. the 21st, and. 22nd, the moon is ~in the neighborhood of the "grand pin-net" Jupiter, an conjunction. Winter begins on the latter date. On Christ- mas Day and the day following, Mars and the moon are near each other, and it is New Moon also on the 25th. This means that the sun, Mara, the moon, and the earth ale in line: all exerting a pull on each other. On the 27th, 28th and 29th, the moon and Saturn; and on the 30th. 31st, the moon and Uranus will again be near each other, It would appear that the last week of the year is to be cold and stormy. The barometer will be very erratic during the month. Now my read- ers have a list of the events, and as to their effects, we must "wait and bee!"

LEGENDS or THE SKY (3)

The Cassiopeia Quarter. Follow- ing out our system of alignments, we suppose a line to be drawn from the point where the handle joins the Dipper and continued through the Pole Star onwards It will shortly pass through a group of con- spicuous stars arranged in the form o! an irregular "W." This _is the star group popularly known as "Casslopeiafs Chair." which gives its name to thefflassiopeia Quar- ter" of the heavens. " The Pole Star, then, lies pbout half way between the Dipper and Cassiopeia. The two gloups, as it were. balance each other: if the Dipper is low down in the North, Cassiopeia. is over our heads. when the Dipper is overhead, the "Chair" is low in the North. In short, wherever we see the one, the other is directly opposite.

These, and other groups, are known to us as "fixed" stars, since as far back in time as astronomers have observed them, they appear to present the same outlines. Really, they are in motion and, ages hence, will be very unlike the fig- ures they now present to our gaze, for their components arc all going different ways. This movement can- not be detected, even by the tele- scope, by reason of the immense distance of these stars. we may form some idea of this illusion by watching a distant express train; it appears to-have little movement, like a caterpillar crawling across the landscape, but all the same, it is going at perhaps’60 m.p.h.i It. is the spectroscope. not the tele- scope, which keeps us informed as to the movements of these distant stars.

According’ to the classic writers, Cassiopeia was the queen of Ce- pheus. king of Ethiopia, and the beautiful Andromeda was their daughter. There was a "beauty contest" even in those old times: Andromeda easily defeated the nymphs, her rivals. who, in revenge bound her to a rock, where-a sea- monster was about to devour her. But Perseus, the son of Jupiter, ar- rived in time to slay the monster and rescue the maiden, whom he afterwards married. At last Min- orva, the goddess of wisdom, plac- ed Andromeda, her father, mother, and husband, among the stars. As most traditional stories have some IOlI-lhdilflori in fact. we may suppose these personage; to have been who and learned beyond their times and worthy to be honored- by a place in the heavens!

Andromeda is south of Cassiopeia. and a, row of three fairly bright stars, not far distant frmn the "W', is the most nspicuous feature of the constellation. Two 11f- them have a rather smaller star midway between them, a feature which helps the beginner to mabo certain of the group. ‘This is not so beautiful a constellation as Cassio- peia, but lying between tbs above- mcntinned rows of stars and Cass- iopeia is the famous “Nebula in Andromeda," which, mu thwugh a large telescope, "beggars descrip- tion" as one‘ astronomer puts it.

oims AND suns

lean-city of one am. _l am minor dilappoinfed with my seed crop this year, as I clean it. In bottrquantlty and jlilllty it ll. f

allowable to help matters by moist-

hcsive was forbidden. A successful

the section of a cone by a plane intersecting it obliquely; curve such that the sum of the dis-

fixed points within it, ent figures; the one shaped like an egg, with a. broad and a sharp end, and the other, like each end. when we turn m the world "Oval" thedoflnition is "egg- shaped or elliptical.” "0vai” is most certainly egg-shaped, since it is de- rived from the Latin ovum, an egg. but it leads to a certain mental confusion to apply the name to any

should be kept for the ngllre having similar curves at each end.

ing of plants is concerned. Them

season than ever before,

satisfactory answers. There were

To name such a specimen would

who, you will remember "spoke of

from seed, sown bymethods as var- iad as they are ingenious. There are, of course, other methods by which plants are propogated, but the proportion is small in compari- son. ‘Ilo the gardener there is noth- ing more pleasurable and satisfy- ing than following Nature's lead in increasing his stock. In this opera- tion feeds have several merits: they yield the maximum quantity of plant at the minimum cost: they will wait for favorable weather: they are in the moot wuvenient form for interchange between people in different countries or districts. Perhaps not the least of their ap- peal is the fact that they bring plant and gmwer into closc and delightful intimacy from the first stage of the plant's existence; and as it were, create a special love and interest.

Push-pin: In Blackmoreb rom- ance of "Lorna Doone"--a story every Devonshire man should read -—the sentinels at the Boone-gate were said to be “playing at push- pin, or shepherd's chess, or bssset: or some trivial game of that sort.” Two of these games I'd be hard put to, to describe; perhaps shep- herd's chess means what ‘we call droughts, and the Northumbrlaxi

the pattern of the board; but push-" pin is familiar and is truly said t0 be a trivial game. It was an amuse- ment among us schoolboys in the old days and was perhaps brought North by Cornish miners who were imported all “blackiegs"—-a euphe- mism for strike-breakers.

On stormy days, when "play- time" (recess) brought no outdoor sports, one was sure to find some of the boys playing at push-pin as earnestly as if their continued ex- istence depended on the result. The two players sat opposite to each other, and each placed a com- mon “stick-pln" on the desk before him. The pins were about six in- ches-apart. Player No. i gave the head of the pin a little fillip with the nail of his right index finger, which drove it towards the other pin. Nd. 2 did the same with his pin, and so alternately till the pins cross. When this happened, the player whose pin was uppermost had the chance to win his adver- sary's pin. I-Ie placed the tip of his right thumb on the crossed pins, pressed down on the pins to make them adhere, and quickly transfer- red them to the palm of his left hand which he held in readiness near-by. If one of the pins dropped, his opponent claimed both. It was