.- chairman.

_ s\ bu; _.

~ flT-HEFDUCZ

PRESENTING News AND VIEWS or INTEREST r0 rascals-its sun am. omens saaxmo

llsaa uaaahnavasusuvvti UUnauJU-U‘

TIONAL IIORILZLON

A SATURDA Y IFEA TURE~

IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION

a BIRD'S aviiviaw A -

p,“ Mr. MacPherson, ths local

welcomed the slwfliibrl. and explained that the purpose of the meeting, which was sponsored by ihe Prince Edward island Teach- er's Federation, was to arouse lfld stimulate interest in education throughout the province,

Mr. L. W. Shaw. chairman of the Forum group. raised some of the problems affecting education to- day, He abated St. Peter's was

' chosen for the initial centre be- cause of the educational progress poled there during the past few years. Mr. Shaw explained that up so the present the Department was concerned principally with formu- lgiirig plans for the future im- provement of education. He cited. however, several services recently made available, among which were.‘ Radio lessons to supplement the icacliefs work, a physical fitness program, n program in nutrition. a hshdicriaft teacher to travel about the Island. instructing teachers, and M, advisory council to the Board o1 Education. He (ufflmelltEd fav- mhii~ on the improvement in school attendance, This he attribut- ed to the fact that we now have in Attendance Officer as well II to the effect of the Family Al- lowance. The salaries of teachers in PEI. he said. have increased by 43 per cent over the past fill yous. This was the highest iris!‘- cehtsge increase in Canada over the corresponding period. He was very pleased with the results of (in. correspondence study courses offered students.

Mr. Shaw concluded his re- marks by stating that despite these improvements. the number of fully

i qualified teachers is far less than fivs years ago: :it is becoming gradually worse; and fewer young people are taking teacher training. But salary alone was not the cause as cVldOflOCd by conditions in sov- eral other provinces where teach- ers are paid double that our teach- ers get.

Mrs. Martin, New Perth, discuss- ed the need for improved buildings

- and equipment. She stated that over a period of years prior to the war the Women's Institutes spent on an average from $4,000. to $5.000-

‘. annually on the schools. During the past fifty years any improve- ments in the schools were due large-

- ly to the efforts of the Women's Institutes. She noted the phenom- enal progress made in all other directions, but deplored tho fact

, that the schools did not show a iusselpOlldl g improvement. The government was powerless m do much about it because they dread- ed tho consequences of increasing

. . the taxes. The people in the various

communities would have 15' show more interest in their schools and in order to do -this effectively "the "the old men will have to get; in and lend a hand." Regarding equip- ment, she said. that the schools

\\ should provide facilities to look af-

ter the varied interests, personali- lies. and capacities of the pupils. Today our sbhools do not offer courses flexible enough to suit ths majority of pupils who remain on the land. in conclusion she warm- lv congratulated ‘the people of it. Peter's on the number of success- fui Entrance pupils during’ the past few years.

Mr. Miller iihoFadyess spoke on behalf of the teachers’ problems. In his opinion the teacher is the

I ‘most vital factor in the school. He

save the following as the most-im- Wltant causes for the present shortage of teachers. Poor salar- ies. insecurity of tenure, poor school

. room facilities, poor boarding ac- _ oommodations and lack of appre- ciation of the teachers’ work. Ad- ricd in these he cited a variety of lesser annoyances endured by the "Willie teacher. Those returning from war service were not enter- " iug ihe teaching profession because _‘ it did not provide a _ living "wage. The schools were kept open dur- i ins ihe war by granting permits iii "liquailfied persons. At the same . time there was a great scarcity of medical men. but; the public had too iiiilvh common sense to license un- iliiiliPii llersons to care for the Hlieeds of tho body. When it came i“ iiiv twining of young minds Jiiil ihe development of character. lie iiiioiic were not sn prudent- In“! had sown ihe wind snii were “W rearing the whirlwind. lle "iiied that due to our overcrowd-

.. "i curriculum. msny teachers ivere “iced to remain long hours over- iime in order to cover the work required. Then the teachers bad w“, i!" home to correct examinations

"iii i0 prepare material for next ‘j iisys work.

. . M“ "flour. Supervisor of Sum- aiiflde Schools, tools up ths insi- , "r of a tmriculum to, serve mod- ... .ii needs. He defined curriculum " B Place for running. a rim grunt. a fixed course of studios. hi" tilrrlculum should run to ksoo “ii with ths heads of ths individual. chilvommuniiy and tits nation. The ‘hid is in reality, file centre around

‘"1 a curriculum should be built. _ t‘ at the same time the curricu- i iiill should ohsuss with the grow-

. iii us. ‘they are found floating "is dfliosphelii, ~mbstiy as will!!!‘ on lost . up i. "can:

.. ' I Ii illifln Pa"! 0i the human body siia are lmsliat is lugs nombmqa the in. "Ii trim and co all use mue-

Wmflibrs loom-is an found

,.Y$?These tin? vrlsnisaia are all s- I

.1. lo

ing ciiiiii, and to tiii the hem of modern life. He raised the ques- tion, as to just where our tradi- tional subject matter originated and asked the people to give ser- ious consideration to this question. I-Io expressed his educational philos- ophy as follows: Ru iis have differ- .snt potentialities w ich should be developed to their fullest; whcre- as our course takes care of only the 3 per cent of children going on to university. Reading, writing. arithmetic. social studies, even Lat- in sre important, but lessons in character. honesty, -opel'ation. are also basic things which all should lmow._lle would endeavour to find out just what the interests, aptitudes, and capacities of ths dif- ferent children are ‘and then would fit the course in each school to develop these to the fullest ex- tent. Rating of pupils should be on co-operation, school spirit, non- esty, etc.. as well as on subject matter. School subject matter should be tied up with the' every- day outside experiences of the children. In rural communities ed- ucation should be tied up with farming or fishing activties. Pro- vision should be made for those who cannot express themselves through regular school work, They should have the opportunity to express themselves through art. handicrafts. plastics, leather "work. weaving, gtc.

Mlnlilflllfl Mncflaail, Attendance Officer and Director of Correspond- ence, dealt with the subjects educational administration and fi- nance. Briefly he outlined the sei- up ‘for administering education in this‘ province as follows: l. The blinistsr of Education. i. An Ad- visory Council of ten members. 3. The Director of Education who was also deputy minister. 4. Eight branches of education-Supervisory. Library, etc. 5- 475 Trustee Boards. 6. 0'14 ‘eochers. '!. 18.000 pupils.

Be ascribed fess- as the underly- ing reason for lack of education- sl progress. The teacher afraid of ths Supervisor; Supervisors afraid of the Department; the Depart- ment; afrsid of the Minister; the Minister afraid of the Legislat- ure; the Legislature afm-ld of the people; the people afraid for HIGH‘ children; and the children afraid of nobody. He pointed out three fundamental ills in our-educational system, l. We ‘do not spend enough money on education. The cost per pupil in P. B. I. is only $35.; in N. S. it is $59.; and in B. C. it is $10!. 2. The proportion paid for edu- cation out of the governmental rev- enue is 02 per cent: in N. S. it ls 42 per cent: in B. C. it is 32 per cent- S. In our province Local Trus- tee Boards have complete control over the schools. With our popula- tion '0f 90.000. we have 475 Trustee Boards; in B. C. with their popu- iatlon of 8l8,000 they have only '14. He suggested three major changes in administration and financing of our schools.

1. That the whole province be made one unit for the collection of taxes and for all financial purposes.

l. That for purposes of adminis- tratlon the province be divided in- to from thirty to forty units for hiring. and placing teachers, and for all other administrative pur- poses,

S. That there be a CentrllI-Iilli School placed in each of thflfifjfflfl- tres. Along with these reforms teachers should be better traitstld ‘and better paid. and the curriculum should be revised in order to pro- vido for the needs of all the pupils.

In conclusion he stated that the solution of these problems rested squarely on the shoulders of the Government and the people of.P. I. I.

o a

The film entitled‘ "Lessons in Living" gave a vivid demonstration of whafcsn be achieved in a short time in a community. if all the people forget their prejudices and pull together for the general uplift of the people.

The attitude of the audience can best be expressed in the words of two nrnminent cltisehs of St. Pet- ers: "The members of the Govern- ment should no longer be afraid to inaugurate educational reform, ra- they should they fear the conse- i-iuences if they do not. As fit the money to pay fdr it. the neo- ple in this province spend en- ough on cigarettes and liquor 110710 to r-sv the total coat."

And "The iiirmers and fishermen aretoo. busy to plan for a bet- ter system of education. We pav officials to do this planning for us. They‘ have the time to do it. They should-therefore, make these clans. put them into effect. and they may be sure the peculi- in general will be in agr ement."

In the nenerul discussion which followed the Forum. the audience faking advantan of the fact that the Director of Education was pres- Illt. asked many questions relating to the mints raised by the vsrloiiu sneak-H. In his iisml forthright was. fir. show cleared up every problem to ths satisfaction of llll.’

m > A

a I. B, MacDonald. i COIL-levy, P. l. I. T!

' BACTERIA

and man. than! million after bslngptess t in a gram of soil. are present on the

not than iyiiicii have msnuy been iisstsd to a high temperature or othsrwfio ‘sterilised. They are seldom found within ths of plbbts sud animals except‘ when the organisms. are flaring from an If tbs assssmis wiiieii

.».

tissues -

bacteria msy cause.

Great as is the loss of life and property and the suffering for which some bacteria are respon- sible. the beneficial effects of buc- teria doubtless outweigh the harm they do. Their greatest single ser- vice is no doubt the part they play. together with the yeasts and molds. in causing the decay of the dead bodies of plants and animals. Through this process, the carbon, OXYZQH. hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus which make up the bodies of animals and plants, and their products. are reduced to si t‘ compounds. such as carbon dioxide. water, nitrates, sulphates, and phosphates, which can acain be used as raw material in food

The principal functions of the stem are (l) the support of the foliage leaves and flowers in pili- tlons favorable to the performance of their functions; (2) the con- duction of raw materials (water and mineral salts) from the roots which absorb them from the soil; and (3) the conduction of pliant foods (for example. sugars. fats. and proteins) from the places where they are manufactured. to points where they are needed for growth or other paOCCSlGl- os- where they will be stored fun futureuse.

In addition to these principal functions, stems may perform sev- eral other iess important functions. Green stems supplement the leaves in food manufacture. In some plants. stems act as storage organs. of starch, for example. in the un- defground stems (tubers) bf the potato. of sugar in the sugar cane, and of water in cacti; or as organs

For this resumption of growth and development the following ex- ternal conditions are essential: (l) a sufficient supply of water. (Z) a favorable temperature, and (3) s supply of oxygen. If any one of these is lacking the i-trd will not germinate. The seeds of a few spec- ies, including mistletoe and the strangling fig fail to germinate unless exposed to light.

Water plays a most important part in the germination of seeds. 1. Water softeps the seed coats. and thus enables the embryo to break through them more easily. 2. Tho water absorbed by embryo and endosperm causes the seed to swell, and this results in the burst- ing of the seed coats. 3. Water fa- cilitates the enfrgnce of oxygen into tho seed. Dry cell walls are 1imost impermeable to gases; but if the walls have imbibed considerable water, gases can diffuse quite read- ily through them. 4. Water dilutes the protoplasm and permits its various normal functions, includ-

Milton wrote this poem after the first shock of his blindness had passed and he had begun to feel that although he could no longer take the active part which he had formerly taken in affairs of state his life was not rendered useless.

Ac first he feels that he has re- ceived a great loss and wonders if when death comes God will chide him for not making use of the tal- ents with which he has been en- dowed. While thinking on this problem the question “Does God exact day labour. light denied?" (While he denies the light in which to perform this labour) pre-

asnts itself. But as soon as be asks

Once again the Dardanelles Strait has become the subject of inter- national debate. As the sole wat- erway between the Black Sea and the sea limes of the world, the control of this narrow strait, and of Constantinople (Istanbul) to which it leads, has for centuries been a source of ‘rivalry between the nations. The Dardanelics is 4i miles long and only a mile wide at its narrowest point. With the Se; of Marmara and the Bosphor- us beyond, it~divldes Asia from Eur- ope. but the land on both side's has for five centuries been Turkish.

This strait first came into history ill 480 B. C. Xcrxes. of Persia. smarting at his country's defeat by the Greeks al Mamthon. built a pontoon bridge ncross the Relies- punt (the Greek name for the strait.) A storm having destroyed this bridge Xerxes inflicted 300 lashes on the rebel sea and built ‘a second bridge which his ‘lorries took seven days and nights to cross. ‘Iihcrmonvlae, Saismis. and Piataes sealed that Asiatic army's fate and the Athenians’ capture o! Status won the control of the strait for Greece. With the ii"'il of Con- stsntlncric 4-1 145s. coiitréi of the strait passed to the Turks who soon fortified the entrance. They nroved very lealous masters. and for a ioni- neriod nniv merchant ships of Venice and France were allowed the freedom of flie water- "Isy. s privilege cfterwsrda extend- ed to Ifnslkh m-n-hsnt vessels. Ii. was‘ not until W14 that Russian shios were fliowerl to pass in and out of the list-k Sea.

In 184i Russia. Britain. Fr-iince. ‘funk. find Turkey agreed that ‘hirkev could forbid the passiicc of "in strait l» the warshin of nil m- iions except when Tin-key herself wakat war. ltussls thus gave up

- ROTATION

Ons great value of the rotation of crops is that it adds fiber and humus. It is probable‘ that liiers is a tendency to use stable manure

iii sscss in ssrosa lands. that is-

FUNCTIONS OF STEM. ROOT. AND LEAF

iiiiiidifls by iivins plantixweu it Mi 1°!‘ this process of decay, in whii-‘h 5""!!! Play so important l_ Part. mtlch of the available sup- ply of certain essential elements would remain permanently “look- 9d "P" in the dead bodies of or- ganisms. so that what remained would not be sufficient for the growth and development of riving plants and animals. The fertility of agricultural soils is largely do- ""5"" "PM the presence of soil bacteria. which not only make s.- vailable certain of the essent‘al elements already in the soil, but also may even increase ths fertil- iil’ of the soil by adding to‘ the amount of nitrogen present in it.

of vegetative reproduction. as do the tubers of the potato. ths bulbs (short stems with fleshy scale-like leaf bases) of the onion. the run- ners (creeping steasns) of the straw- berry. the rhizomes (underground

stems) of the wild morning glory: etc.

The principal functions of the‘ root are (l) anchorage, and (2) sb-' sorption of raw materials (water and certain mineral salts) from the soil. A secondary function is food storage. Common examples of roots which act as storage organs are those of sugiir beet. turnip, and sweet potato,

The principal functions of the lea-f are the manufacture of sugari and starch (carbohydrates), a pro-' cess known as photosynthesis. the_ synthesis of nitrogenous foods. and. ihe giving off of water in the fomi ' of water vapor. a process

ing digestion. respiration, and ss-

Water makes possible the transfer of soluble food from the endosperm or cotyledons to the growing points of the embryo. where food is nec- essary for the building up of new protoplasm.

Temperature. For the seeds of any kind of plant; there is a tem- perature, cailed the minimum tem- perature, below which germina- tion will not take place. Then lG olso s maximum temperature above which the seeds will not germinate. and an optimum temperature at‘ whim germination goes on most rapidly. Cucumbers and melons re- quire a higher temperature for germination than do wheat, barley. and some other small cereals.

The seeds of peas. lettuce. rad- lsh, and small cereals, will germin- ate readily at 50o to 00 degrees F. whereas corn, pumpkin, cucumber. eggplant and other "warm season crops‘ require a temperature of ‘l0

‘ DARDANEiLLES

to 80 degrees F. to give good ger- mlnatlon.

'ON HIS BLINDNESS (Literature)

himself this question it seems to be answered for he realizes that "God does not need either man's work or His own gifts (to man.) Those serve God best who beet bear his mild yolk. ‘That although thousands serve Him by travelling over land and ocean at l-Ils bidding. those who only stand and wait also serve him.

Explain: Though my soul more bent to serve therewith my mak- er. and present my true account. IIis soul is more anxious than ever to do the things which he thinks t0 be U19 Will 0f God, g0 that he m!!! be able to give a good ac- count of himself when he appears before his maker.

her chance of making a separate treaty with Turkey for free pas- sage snd so becoming a Mediter- ranean Power, though the agree- ment also protected her Black Sea coast from attack. Confirmed in the treaties between the Great Powers in 1871 and i878. this agreement was broken in i914 when the Ger- man warships Goeben and Bresiau sailed through and were brought hi‘; Turkey. who became Germany's a y.

BY the ‘frosty of Lousanne (1923) both shores were to remain unfor- tified. the Allies undertaking to resist by force any threat lo their SEPUPiiY. the Turks in return per- "iiiiifllf a limited right of passage, to warships. The comment of Trnfskv, the Holshcvist- on this trectv was "Wc neeri Constantinopl- "lid ihe Straits." He was reheat- i"! the phmse used by M- Isvni- sky. the Tsarisg minister. eiiriier i" this century. Turkey. however. asked for more rights and these were given her in the Montreux Convention of 193d and still alnnd "Mil. ur-der on article in that Convention. a Conference of fhe Powers concerned decide Mherwise.

' W. A.

The Lieutenant-Governor of Brit- isli Columbia is Charles A. Banks- “: First L~rd of the iumiioiiy is George Hall. The prom!" or Sweden is Tage Erlanrler, mo‘ Recretery-General of the Iliilted Nations is Trueue Lie. Australia has n system of commilsorv vot- ili". Nnvambcr i0 will be celebrat- ed as World Youth Day. Dr. Id- ward J. Pbehn is Director of I. b O. Russia desires control of the Dardanelles so that she may have an ice-free outlet to the Mediter- ranean. The USSR. Ambassador

to Britain is George mrubln. 0F CROPS

the same results in the incorpora- tfon of humus can be had in many cases more cheaply by ths grow- ing r-f catch-crops. Land that rc- cslvsa ldahticsl treatment yes: by