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_ ‘Pl-IE GUARDIAN. CHARLOTTETGWN

THE ED UCA TIONAL Homzozv

PRESENTING Nawé AND VIEWS or INTEREST r0 TEACHERS AND ALL OTHERS sgiiaiivo turnover-mm IN EDUCATION

The Educational Horizon keeps the public informed of" the work that the P.E.I.T.F. is doing. You will have criticisms to make. You must have suggestions to offer.

We shall_be grateful to all con- tributors, corrasponden‘ and all others who may help us in our efforts. We shall endeavour to provide a reasonable amount of professional material which shall deal with many of the problems, lacing our teaching body, and hav- ing a direct bearing upon the people of this province. Let us iupport our organization. Remem- aer it is our Federation not the federation. Only as you infonn us sf your objections and ideas can the organization and you benefit from them.

Hoping you may all have a suc- cessful and prosperous school

year.

School should be thought of as a life to be lived where there is action. co-operation, and opportun-

ity to develop desirable attitudes, habits and. ideals. It is the func- tion of the school. through care- fully selected experiences to stimu- late, modify, and. direct the growth of each pupil physically, mentally, morally and socially, so that the continual enrichment of the in- dlvldual's life and an improved so- ciety may result.

Going to school can be a glorious adventure. There is more to it than “Reading" and "Writing" and "Arithmetic." There is the oppor- tunity to gain much useful know- ledge, to make many new friends and to learn how to live. There will be many difficulties to over- come both in the classroom and on the playing field. May the good and beautiful things which in youth we hope are true be things which in age we know are true. And may that knowledge grow from more to more because sometimes

the clouds break or ‘at evening time it is light.

MAKE OUR LIVES SUBLIME

Some mischievous boy threw a ‘rock through the plate-glass win- IIOW of a shoe merchant, not to be dismayed, the cheerful shoemaker placed in the window a placard on 'wliich was printed the words: "The window may be damaged, but the goods are still the best." More cus- tomers were attracted to his shop than ever before. He made the best of a misfortune.

‘ Men whose lives have been an inspiration to us through the ages have overcome handicaps that would have "floored" many of us.

AGOOD

The family motto of the late Sir Edward Bcatty, is "Qui beat bea- tus." These Latin words mean, "He who blesses others is himself blcst."

We find real happiness by bring- lng happiness to others. It is more blessed to give than to receive.

You have heard of the man who tackled a job that someone said couldn't be done. "He started to iing as he tackled the thing that couldn't be done-and he did it!"

Got any rivers they say are un- lrossable? Got any mountains you can't tunnel through? We specialize in the wholly impossible. Doing the things that no one can don

P. .

CORN LAWS-The series of laws regulating the export and import of grain. Great Britain being now mainly a manufacturing country much grain has to be imported for bread-making. In 1815 a corn law was passed forbidding the import of wheat unless the price was over l0 s. a quarter. It was hoped that this would eiicourage British farm- ers to continue growing much

wheat as they had done during the _ wars with Napoleon. But 80 s. a quarter for wheat made bread

1H1‘ find WOHIBPEB! 1135110" i°°k free. Wilberforce was buried in place until the law was altered iwflltminlter Abbey. HISTORY BENEVQLENQEg _ Gm, of Lord Chancellor's functions re-

money which some men were forced to pay to the king as a maik of good will. The word "benevolence" means “goodwill.”

CIIANCELLOIQ- The Chancel- lor first appears under Edward the Confessor, but although he was an important oflicer, dealing with the king's clerical business, for many years after the Conquest he was second to the Justiciar, who was the king's chief adviser, and repre- sented him while he was absent. From the time of Edward I. the Chancellor, later called the Lord Chancellor, was the chief minister under the king. He had his own court of Chancery. and fulfilled many duties. having ch-irge of the royal seal, and being Keeper of

the King's Conscience. As his du- ties became too numerous. other officials took thcm over, and the

USE TIIE RIGHT WORDS

Here are ten sentences with words missing, Above the senten- ces is a list of words. Write all the sentences, using the correct words.

Herders. south, cflst. N0?“ P016. South Pole, oasis. equator. lorth west desert Congo, and Nile-

l. On a globe you can see that the -— passed around the earth in an east-west direction.

2. All the north-south line! tome together at the — and the

S. The -—- is as far south as you can go.

4. The -—- is as far north as you can go. . 5. If you were standing at the

North Pole, the only direction you

FIND THE RIGIIT ENDINGS

Then no tin-go ending: given name that means "between lands“

for each sentence. Only one of them is correct and two are wrong.

Demosthenes, a orators, overcame handicap in speech.

Lincoln, with few educational ad- vantages, became the President o! the United States. Ramsay Mac- donald and David Lloyd George attained to the highest office in the government of England. Neith- er had educational advantages as children.

Lord Beaconsfieltl. better known as Benjamin Disraeli, was a Jew. He overcame the racial prejudice of his day and became Prime Min- ister of Great Britain.

MOTIO

and gbain was imporicd freely. The new law came into operation in 1849.

EAST INDIA COMPANY — A company organized in England for trade in India, and first chartered by Queen Elizabeth. Dec. 31, 1600. under the title of “Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies." The first expedition of four ships un- der James Lancaster left Torbay towards the end of April 1601. and reached Sumatra in June 1602, rc- turning with a cargo of spices.

WILBERFOBCE — William Wil- berforce, 1789-1833 will always be remembered as the leader of the movement in the House of Com- mons for the abolition of slavery,

prince amorig a tremendous

and he lived just long enough to .

see the desire of his life fulfilled. In 1807 the export of slaves from Africa had been abolished, but the smuggling of slaves had continu- ed, and many hundreds of thou- sands of poor wrctches were suf- fering undcr the harsh treatment of slave owners in various parts of the British Dominions. In 1833. Parliament abolished slavery and paid $20,000,000 to the owners as compensation. before 5 years had passed 800.000 slaves had iron set

The Amaion River. (c) The Medi- l. The body of water with the terranean Sea.

mained entirely legal. Today he presides over the House of Lords.

PILGBIMAGE 0P‘ GRACE - A rising in Yorkshire and Lincoln- shire, in 1536. which took - the form of a march towards London. Its object was to pcrsuade the king to restore the monastries, recog- nize the Princess Mary as the future sovereign, and submit again to the rule of the Pope. The rising was unsuccessfulhnd the leaders were put to death.

MONOPOLIES - The sole rights to make or sell certain articles such as soap or glass. Monopolics had sometimes been granted by Elizabeth as a form of reward. but she had abolished most of them when Parliament objected. James I revived them. hoping t.o encour- age trade, but the practice was uri- fair to less favoured manufactur- ers.

t

could g9 would be i. 0. If you could walk along on the equator, you could go — or

7. A land that is so hot and dry or so cold and dry that littlc or nothing will grow there is called a -—-.

l. An —— is a place in the — where there is water enough for plants to grow.

9. ‘The Bedouins are —- who pasture herds of cattle, sheep, and camels in the parts of the hot dry lands where only grass will grow.

10. Because the —- can be used for supplying water, crops can be grown along this river. Which two words did you not use? -—- —-—.

and is between Africa and Europe ls the (a) Atlantic Ocean. (b) the

%l%”’h M‘ “w, IIGIII FUR All. YOUR BAKING! "

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_ 2. An arm _of the sea extending into the land is callcd (a) A gulf or bay. (b) A delta. (c) An isth- mus.

_ A narrow neck of land that Joins two larscr parts of land is called (a) A gulf or bay. (b) A delta. (c) An isthmus.

V The narrow neck of land that Joins the two parts of Greece is called (a) A harbor. (b) A island. (c) The Isthmus of Corinth.

5. The villagcs where the farm-

crs live in Greece are (a) In the lowlands. (b) set high on steep, rocky hills. (c) Near the sea. V G. Most of the hilly pasture lands in Grcccc are used for (a) Sheep and goat grazing. (b) Cattle rais- ing. (c) Horse raising.

T. Two fruit crops that do well (luring the hot dry summers in (irvccc are (a) pears and peaches.

1. Foundation of public speak- ing: (a) A voice that can be heard; (b) Corrcct pronunciation; (c) Careful ehunciation, These are media by which a speech is con- vsycd to an audience. This medium should be a permanent habit of speech no‘. something for special (lCCflSlOnS.

ll. A spccch should have a plan. Drcido what you want to do. Point number two should grow out of point number one.

Ill. “Suggestions in Speeches."

(a) Give your speech a logical order. (in) Don't put too much in your spccch. A good speech does not consist of a number of facts one aftcr another. Boil down your arguments. Speeches are for the purpose of persuading people. Prove your point. by argument or discussion. It is not true or correct

The mood of the verb is the man- ncr in which the statement made by the vcrb is presented to the mind. I

There arc three moods: I. Indi- cative Mood, ll Subjunctive Mood, III Imperative.

The indicative Mood presents to the mind the action or state de- noted by the verb as an actual fact; as, "I am tired."

The Subjunctive Mood presents to the mind the action or state de- noted by the vcrb as a possibility or supposition, but not as a fact:

“if I be tired"; “Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty."

The Imperative Mood is a form of the verb by means of which we luttcr a command, rcqucst or ex- hortation. "Give me a book."

The Indicative Mood is then the work of direct assertion or state- ment, and it speaks of actual facts. The Subjunctive Mood is the mood of assertion also, but with a modi- fication givcn to the assertion by the mind through which it passes.

The Subjunctive cannot be used in a simple declarative or interro- gaiive sentence. It is called the subjunctive or joining on mood because (except when expressing a wish) It is only employed in complex scntcnccs where one statement is joined to another.

The chief uses of the subjunctive may bc capitulated as follows:

1. In simple sentences to express a wish; thus, “Thy will be done"; "God save the Queen." This is called the Optative subjunctive (onto. I wish).

I1. In subordinate clauses of com-

plcx sentences. (a) In a present or past conditional clause which implies denial; as. "If he were present (which he is not) I would speak to him." (Present condition- hi.) I "If our horse had not _ fallen (which hr did) wo should not iinvc missed the train." (Past/Con- ditional.)

Noto" In the present condition implying denial (or something contrary to fact), observe that the past indefinite tense is used; e.g.

Scientists of many countries have made their contributions to tho science of agriculture. Despite its youth as a nation. Canada has been fortunate in the contribu- tiun of its own scientists to this field. The work of the late Dr. William Saunders, first director of the Canadian government experi- mental farms, and his son Sir Charles E. Saunders, serves as a fino example. A wheat was sougH that would ripen ten days to a fortnight earlier than Red Fife, the whcat which was establishing the reputation of the northwest. Dr, William Saunders crossed Red Fife with wheats from all over the world and produced a multitude

It takes skill and training to shoot at a target and hit the bull's- cyc. There must be keen vision and musclc control. A good marks- man kccps himself in trim. In an cxpcrimcnt highly experienced army marlsman were given alco- holic beverages to drink just be- fore they started shooting. It was found that these men made poorer scores when under the effects of alcohol than when not under its effects.

Life demands steady heads and hands of‘ those who would shoot squarely. At present we may aim at a fine game of baseball, good work at school, or a neatly done job on the farm. As we grow older

we may hope to score high in other things.

Whether we become aviators, professional athletes, doctors.

nurses, lawyers, teachers. typlsts. dairymen truck drivers, farmer;

(b) bananas and pineapples. (c) Olives and grapes. '

(i. The city that is farther north than any other city in the world is (a) Bern. (b) Paris. (c) Ham- merfest.

0. The coldest part of Norway extends (a) Beyond the Antarctic Circle. (b) Beyond the Arctic Circle. (c) Beyond the equator.

10. The farmers in Norway live (a) Some distance from each oth- er. (b) In villages. (c) In cities.

ll. In Norway hay is hung up to dry. (a) Because the ground is uften wet. (b) So that it can be gathered more easily. (c) Because it looks neater.

l2. During part of the summer in northern Norway the sun shines (a) About eight hours. (b) A short time during the middle of the day. (c) All night.

PUBLIC SPEAKING .

just because you said it. Neither is your opponent's argument or sug- gcstion silly just because you said it was. You must make it clear by your statements. Don't confine yourself to the bare statement of a point you wish to make, extend it, elaborate it, develop it.

Introduce your point, thcn show by discussion why it is true. A speaker must have enthusiasm. Use natural conversational man- ner. This imposes less strain on both the speaker and the au- dience.

CONSERVATION in the broadest sense implies neither waste of product nor waste of the forces and conditions which make high pro- duction possible. Thcse forces are the environment under which the crop is grown and the inhcrcnt hereditary possibilities within tho

DR. WILLIAM

seed or seed material.

MOOD

“If he were here," "If I were you," etc. This strange idiom is found also in French, German, Latin, Greek.

(b) In a present or past condi- tional clause, which implies un- certainty.

“If that be the case I can un- derstand you." (Prescntfl) "If that were the case I didn't understand you."

Note: When the conditional clause is affirmative and certain the vcrb is indicative. "If that is the case (and I believe it is) I can understand you." “lf that was the case (and I think it was) I caii understand you."

(c) ln future conditional clause relating to a possible future fact; as, "If it rain I shall not go." Note. As the future is uncertain. the present subjunctive is naturally used in the hypothesis instcad of the indicative though the latter is often found.

(d) In future conditional clauses, where the hypothesis and conse- quence is a mere conception of the mind, having no relation to pos- sible future fact; as, "lf he went (should go, or,were to go) away I should be grieved."

(e) In a future concessive clause; as, "Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be unpun- ished."

(f) In a clause expressing a future result or consequence; as, "l shall wait till he return."

(g) In a clause expressing pur- pose; as. "I shall make no noise lest I disturb (or should disturb) you.

(h) In a clause expressing s wish contrary to fact; as. "I wish he were here." "I wish he would come." -

III. The principal clause in a conditional sentence iakcs sub- junctive form when it refers to what is future and contingent, or to what in the past is uncertain or denied. In such cases the auxil- iaries should and would are gonor- ally used. "lf he should come he would see." (future contingency.) "If he had come he would have seen." (Past implying denial.)

SAUNDERS

of hybirds. After years of patient and persistent experiments, ably continued by his son, Marquis wheat, now known the world over ivac produced. It met the necessary conditions. It was a contribution of tremendous importance to the science of agriculture for which Dr. Charles Saunders was knight- ed in 1934.

If a m n would enter upon coun- try life n earnest and test thor- oughly its aptitudes and royal- ties, he must not toy with it at a town distance; he must brush the dews away with his own feet. l-Ic inustbring the fronflof his head to the business, and not the back of it.

SUGGESTIVE APPROACH TO THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM

or take up other llnes of work. We nlust keep in trim to do the job well.

Habits are formed by constant practice. Fortunately. good habits are ss easy to develop as bad ones. Boys and girls may form many good habits today which will help them to shoot squarely. Sooner or later every ‘young person will meet a situation when a decision re- garding alcoholic drinks will have to be made. Before that time he should learn what facts are known about the effects of alcohol on the body and be prepared to answer for himself the question, "Will the habit of drinking prevept my, being constant master of myself and a ’ ‘ “ companion of oth- era?”

Only when natural foods can- not be taken should alcohol be used and then under s physician's orders. : .

GEOMETRY

Put the numbers 1 to l0 on your book, and after number put the letter. a, b, c, or d to show how you think the corresponding state- ment below should be completed. 1. If the lhrcc angles of a tri- angle are equal to each other, each is an angle of (a) 50 degrees; (b) 60 degrees; (c) 180 degrees; (d) 90 degrees.

2. The part of a theorem which

states what is to be proved i; sometimes called thc (a) conclu- sion: (b) proposition; (c) hypo-

thesis: (d) demonstration. 3. Each sidn of .1 regular hexa- gon_is one sixth of the (a) sum

of the interior angles; (b) base angles; (c) perimeter; (d) exter- ior anglcs.

4. Two angles which have their sides respectively parallel are (a)

cqual; (b) supplcmcntafy; (c) either supplementary or equal; (d) acute.

mcnts:

1. Four times the first number plus five iimcs the square of the third. 4a plus 5c squared.

2. Three times the square of the second number —-—-. 3. The sum of the first two numbers, increas- ed by twice the third -—-. 4. The sum of the squares of the second and third numbers ———-. 5. The square root of the sum of the first and third numbers. 6. The sum of thn last two numbers. divided by twice the first —--. 7. Six times the sum of the first two numbers —-—. H. The sum of the squares of the last two numbers, decreased

by 7 ——-—. 9. The sum of the square of the first and the cube of the sccond. l0. The product of the first two numbers, increased by

PLACES IN

Bonn: Situated on the left bank of the Rhinc,'5 milcs southeast of Cologne. New capital of the West German Federal Union. The music- ian, Beethoven was born there.

Canton: Situated in Southeastern China on the Pearl River about 7o‘ miles from the sca. Provisional capital of the Nationalists in China.

Circnaica: Northeastern section of Libya. Not waiting for a set- tlcmcnt of Italy's former colonies, it has proclaimed its independence and takcn steps to set up a parlia- mcntary form of government. The majority of its inhabitants are Moslems. Their capital is Bengali, an important Mediterranean sea-

port.

Jogjaharta: Capital of the Re- public cs Indonesia, restored in July to tie Indonesians.

Rajasthan: “Land of tiic Princes," a new state in Northwestern In- dia, composed of the former do-

FRONT ROW: Lee Ford,_ Lorne Ford, Carine Ford. Robert Ford, Aldon Ford, Calvin Matheson, BACK ROW: (Erna Coles. Teacher), Marilyn Ford, Ford. Glennis Ford. Frankie MacRac, Erroll Ford, -Erna C. Colcs, Teacher.