te Liberty, when Free Born Men, having te advise th

Public, may. speak

free,”—Evriripes.

VXAMINER. ©

Sincie Cories Two Cerra

sts oe SO eee -— ~ - — —— rARLOTTE Aa cK OW DAN DB A

POSER RE 2,

AV serchant

vi iB ARE} SHOWi miti Nec Aebhe tinal & why, Fiex Ha = large assortment of large US en ot f! Men's

ment ot

yr the Lat

Ylen’s Soft ‘meri Men’s Fine White Shirt

ie

LOY, Af pa ; Fes Ne O4 '

net . RA LALLODS. :

~~ cde

Ht pnd ‘pest

Hats (American) ; “an Straw Hats; large assort-

is; large assortment of Men's

hp 2 El; Whi gle hh t erBe cLSs Wear, Braces, Ge: Light Coats for

as imie ¢

parttigs ;

‘loth, the correct Spritc anc

scotch ane West of Enel ind Mr> MeDomnata, late Department, and you can

Farmen t. .

Lot of MEN’S and

- i Via

BOYS’

thin Summer O¢ of Boston, has*charge rely

READ YMAD® CLOTHING,

r

tment of Mops | Pine, 0 ger summer wear; La» Robes, in large F Woolens, in redatings and ’Prouserings, in

ah

y ange

of our ‘Tarlorme

oll’ * vetting "a

at

greatly reduced gee to clear. ‘ Ch awh, Juu 2, 1 1890 CAMERON aia —— emma ~ Ae ee oe <- Ae wer me ane inne er acne ne meaner ann aemreange Sememnae : : rig ¢ 7 Bi yO; ; ak » BAN a A VIL WAY, : z : * y qy Sil} é aa % 34 ° 3 tA 5 Bela 6 BEL : ” : ; Leet? fe : = eo <b . a x ih i z iy Namame: 7 Arrangement. ER90 () N ») AFTER MONDAY, JUNE 2nd, 1890, Trains will run as follows :— $ zs > . antenna TRAINS. Fer’ THE EST. | FRAINS FROM THE west. ~ friIONS, Express,} Accom,; Accom, STATIONS ik 4d Accom. [Ace Accom. i | : .. M AM. | P.M. P.M. . M. a C tetown. 5 §. 00 4-8 45 3 30 Ce 1 40 NT 24 kt Ds yo ncelic sas Sj 4 ; “—PU7 os aD is 5 MASTLOD ses: ong> Ske - - 7 2 a - ae ; Noe: =) — Css e802 Ge 2 34 My igom@te Ma Bia... 1b? 245 fat 4 iis "ee © = or 2 = 45> a5 Ur i) : pe hed , B2.no ete i Su - Braciatah gteee at Ot ae “10-38 26 if i) ae ve. 323 ; 935 | Emet J ap i 30 Lu 36 » Ww Weilington ; 7a i ww Hr : 749 | 1110 5 5h || MiscOUChE,...ccceee. 613 | ioaa | ner 1 ne ‘ a4 6 17 { ar i ZO 11 US ; 4 ar & iZ 00 6 ov mer € P.M : 1. Sun ! ia P.M id 4 55 | 1200 | 615 ta; ve ae . M yuche a $422 i 26 @CNSIBZION ,fo--ehe.... 61731 129 | 6 48 VW j t@1 J Uy 1 52 BP POOGI oo. 06 se chvces 6 30 j 12 ® 710 Pi 9 33 2 kmerald Juncti 5 40 L O4 7 30 i 1U sv t OU sra iba 5 47 1W ‘ 7 3y Kl i wv hear eer lO a7 £2 i i rr Put etdedaue 6 12 143 |, 8 14 pipe le ecew ccpe cee ej} ii-dé » 15 Noreh Wiltshire. £,... G +4 L 57 § 3 digi aias. ari 1s 6 B> itoyAlity Joihétion 5.2. Sime | 28 917 , j j ; se eT hario Wi coer it } 300 i 98 35 7 No L FM. 5 ae SONeere A Emerald Jane ooodal i | 445 Cape Traverse..... ap i 6 25 Cape traverse enna { .6 35 hnerald June... ar. i ad zs Li_yy,-4 43. = op ee Ear e oa es ~

TRAINS FOR THe EAST.

5

TRAIN S FROM 7 rHE | EAST.

STAT HONS. Expres % AcconL BTA PIONS, Express ., Aecom, sk SG : > —_ — ~ ee - — , a. \. M. A. mM. P, M, ’ : 315 reLOWD,.-+++-- i 0 1 40 Chark tOWN sees... 3 ww , > COrgepjown.. : Gp z 00 Roy Junctic a Far : 6 3 OR Mierem,.....feccsece 17 2 03 Ke ‘ rea 3 538 1 3 vit. Stewart Junc...ari 5 10 ’ 3 0 ful 4 25 Uo a A. M, P. M, Mt. Stewart June. ? MALI ee eee erecvee ree Ap) 6 1d Li av ; Cds { 29 & 20 NT OE og casa ve i 6 45 ; 145 dorell L leccneatbie des + JS dd» ) 856 ‘ {|B eeters Biv ta ..-0> i 20 A 1 58 € ick deesens 5 Zp i 9 29 MOrell..«.+eeee, £2 3% Be oe River aaa ol 5 5a 16 06 . ' QF) | 8 10 8 0 Seyn sehode sane 6 BS ‘ 16 45 | Wit. StewartJuna «> ant a oe p Mi 4M ¢ ap) 8 15 2 an Mt. Sic wart June..dp t 35 $25 xi fo anally cm 8] 3:8 Gardicen ‘2 ot ae & 2% .2 BB ; povatry Hi Lacti les gee s Yo i £26 CeorgetOwn:........arl % 45 i “10°00 | rioitetoWr ar » 20 ' 19 Trains are run by Eastern Standara Time. a] y + new qin J. UNS WORTH,

Superintendent.

~ ¥ ‘ Raj ere Oh oe oth arhAtt eto ny : Bat hE . oS ot Lap ee HFS i in “ + ie ae! -— = oe = ——, = same - = ae

‘irae a,

of pur :Custpmegs; said - the when he left his

tobe clemnek after wearing if cofistmitly for nearly : four years, and without costing, him 4 tent.

A

Prices reasonable.

few Rockferds left;

Feh. 9h,

Charlottetown,

alse Waltham se: sie Watches

‘

8: aM racie RLOCK

: : ; 150 be eels Choice Amterigan F LOUR, : Wutilodk, e Be . ANT 500 +“ ~ * Qanadian $$ oward, i LOU it. { in 6s 6s 6 - Chipman’ 8 Patent, _, RE ' = _ White Eagle.

PEA, SUGAR. WOLASSES. TOBACCA.. }

Codlish, de.) |

Zs D

50 ++ *

25 puns.

Te Sete /

5) caddies | 25 ‘butts aad of boxe

} hali boges

ANNED

25 e ises C

150 half chests Choices

20 boxes INDIA TEA (: sssurted 100 barrele Yellow Extra SUGAR, : Standard, Yellow

oe barré's and half bartels LAB

est vicars TEAS, grades),

ee 3

Granulated pug sar.

D EI MER ARA MOLASSES.

sRIGHTE Ti IBACCO, caddies em 33 Oh: oice Table COL

isi ass ; 4 pv td x

FISH,

BRADOR HERRING, SALMO nm,

500 reams Assorted WakAPP ING PAPER

Pas OP Gi

Sundries

L100 doze Tt BROOMS. AIN SACKS,

2,600 cases , TALL CANS, a +9 bales MANILLA MARLINGE,

aT RBOWEST PRICES.

‘Line of Mo n’s Hhibbe assomttn ahi! 6f ‘Men's Stiff

Boas. Lint good=-htting}

OW Me Bi 14

qRU LEN TARLOTLETOWN, P. E.

W }¥ A

S& BEE

SPRY iT, ISLAN D,

Bry Goeds, Millinery, Smat-

Lbeing daily received from the different sources of produstion, and willbe offered, W holegale only, at a small advancé on eost.

Ch’town, May 22, 1890 ~dy 2 Qin

USBUUNE HOUSE!

The subscriber, having has raasal above well-known Hotel, having

tte] and furnished it anew tw prepared to oifer to the public, thotel ageommodation at reason: able Osborne is

for

ithe and |

ates. The * genteally and Conveniently: Situated,

and under new m inagement, the subseriber hopes.to merit a libera 1 share of public op itron-

wpe. No Liquors. Carriages always in wait- ing at Steamers and Trains. Good Stabli ins on the premises

P. P. ARCHIBALD,

jun¢c5—eod w 3m. Proprietor.

Druggists & General Dealers. in Prinee Edward Island . MAY NOW OBTAIN

DYSPE PIICURE,

The Specific for Dyspepsia,

from _the following’ 3 Houses : |

for their customers,

W holesale

T. B. BARKER ‘& SONS;'St. John; S. McDIARMID, «“ | BROWN & WEBB, ae

SIMSON WENGE ‘ uti eekhy . ihe DYSPEPTICURH is prepared by

CHARLES K. SORT, _junell St.Johh, N. B

BEST ROUTE to: BOSTOR

CANADA ATLANTIG,, HAN, OWLY ONE NIGHT. AT SEA. -

@uickest and Most Direct Route. |. Low Fares.

The Magnifieient Clyde-built Stcel

ds ~* ha i xX 53 ) S. & “HALIFAX, Ts the Jargest. safest, fastest and best furnished) and most ‘come. »wrtable passenger steamship ever laced én the route between Canada and United States. Sails from Noble’ 8s W harf, Halifax, every Ww ed-! desd: ry, at 8 clock, ant Lewis W harf, Boston, | very Saturday at,!2 o'clock Pa-sengers by “T' uesdayrevening trains can go) on board on arrival without-éxtra charge. * Bag-’ gage checked through. Through Tickets on sale} by P. E. Isjand Navy, Co., and F. T. NEWBERY,

ap30—éod wky pat ° Agent Ch’town,

Midsummer Trip, 1890.

Fue Bz \RKENTINE “ EREMA,” now Bo toadiag, will wi for’ Liverpool, G. B., on SATURDAY, the ]0th-inst. : Returning, will sail from Liverpool for Smarieljatown

about uae 15th June nex R B

a i 99] ito Willie B £8 ipigt ut veka ondon, to John Pitcairn & Sons, 7 Union Court, Old Broad Street, or _here to, the, ownerg,..

;

? | mee STECIE PUhadtelt bros ld! 66): Ch’tewn, May’ dy 1890 ~—eod tf

a

Halifax and P, E island

STEAMSHIP CO. see

*“BRINDESS: ‘genthite,*

APT, A. H., KELLY.

—-

iHalifax, calling at Port Hastings, Mulgrave; jand Hawkesbney,, Arichat, Canso, Isaac

tHarhoi and Sheet Harbor. i Returning will sail from Halifax every Monday night, at 10 o ‘clock, making same

catig,, and Souris

every weck, making same calls until the close of navigation.

Freight and passengers: solicited ‘ab lowest ‘rates, and through Bilts of Lading granted to |any port on owe continent or United Kingdom. 48

ly to : pert W. W. CLARKE,

i! ' | i | | j |

iH be - Blount

in Is SLAN D.

Imporiers ef British avd German!

wares, We. AISo | vil Lines og - eas, Groéerfes and } Warehouse Goods, WHOLESA LE ONLY. &=” Additions to our General Stock are

throughout, is tirst clags |

| Market. House.

seins

ws. said, from “ Chatlettetow a everys| Laursday afternoon, at, < e’clock,: for

The above ate amee + will malte fic Roti neta |

FRU DAY,

a trace nlgtgragteon atta cas “oe Be

owe ~-

Of Pure Cod}, Liver Gil and: | HYPOPHOSPHITES of Lime and Soda

' Scott's Emulsion acute

Flesh Producer. It is the

Beat Somes for CON SUMPTION,

Scr-fula, Bronchitis, Wasting Dis-

eases, Chronic Coughs and Colds. | |

‘PALATABLE AS MILE. Scott's Emulsion is only put up in salmon color (

j wrapper. ' Avoid all imitations or substitutions.

|. Sold by all Druggists at 50c. and $1.00,

i . SCOTT & BOWNE, Belleville.

i] { i ‘

} «

*

OO

Tenders for Plasteriag

<< ae RS will be received up toSATURDAY> 21st instant; for Plastering Two Double

tLouses, three coats tenders to specify the amount i for each, lump sum +Subsckiber does not bindhims: If to accept the

Ail material found. The

lowest er any tender. WILLIAM BOYLE.

junel2 2—ii a

mnceweneeomalianeh

i WeKBATA PROPERIY FOR SALE,

WOR SALE.—The ic and Lot en the Malpeque Road, the property of the iatd -rames Baron McKenna. There are a comfor ts abie Cottage and Outhouses on the premises. ‘The property is just outside the City limits, and is within fifteen minutes’ walk from the Enquire of the subscriber at

the house. CATHERINE pat

McKENNA. jj __ june 12— lw

PASTURE TO LET. |

- undersigned have a large quantity of

Pasture to let for Cow Pasturage, very) near the city. andallin good condition. Some} of the pasture is in front of the old Asy em, grounds, and thé’ balance nearer town. Per-. sons wanting pasturage for cows for the gim- mer had better apply at once.

PETERS & PETERS. ye _tf

h

Woodill’s German Baking Powder.

epi @ ee

\

er ae ee i ALE TFACHER .WANTED (either || 4¥ 8° First or Se¢ond Class). | plement ‘will ‘be’ oe to a competent man.

Apply to

NE LSON CLARKE, | Chairman Trustees.

Cape T: ‘avérsé, June '10, 1890.

+i 2

“4

: Furness Line of cad HALIFAX TO. LONDON,

Date of Saibiogs fo ~ for - Above Lines:

is. Ss. ULUNDA ‘will sail fr sail from Halifax

| for London omor about. ..<..2>:: Maz 25 x ® DAMARA ee bee «nee Jone 10 S..S: ULONDA apcede ei ped Juy 7 S..5.:-_DAMARA $16 wWeles 4 «ees ths 254 8.5. DLUNDA 2-chveeds veel Aug. 90 iS, DAMARA AG $4. teers Sept. 8

In addition “to the abové; -wé will have »:il- ngs oncé eVery month via Bostun: . Through Bills of Lading granted from C! ar- jottetown: atid all pinis' dnd to any port re- uired.

Canned Lobsters carried at low rates surance low.

S. 8. ULUNDA and Sage have superior aacoupnodation for passéng: rs.

Saloon amidship. Staterooms large airy.

i

and

saloon. Fares $45 00 and $50.00, accor: ing to.location.of Stateroom, Tean.per cent. re-

duction on-veturn tickets. borage 0g For... any furihey information.

eppiy te. $4 : mayl3—pat fy .

regu red

' wyouedi 49 oo Agent. ; caw, May 3, 1890,

NE = AILY EXAMINER.

_ the interesting paper which Prof. Baumler,

‘love and it will, ‘teach the. must or the best,

N\eece Ur ant ~ ie f. ' Cape: i Par erse School. ithe wise and the deeds of the noble instruct hut father io dqrance

A liberal Sup- |)

| RA Spectator : :

20, 1890.

yy et

et

JUNE 20, 1890,

Notes and Comments. ‘—It is reported that there is a decrease for ihe applications for licenses in Mih- neapolis this year, high license _ having made the business’ less profitable than it used to be-be.

—The New York Times says: ‘American railroads will have more competition to ineet from the Canadian Pacific, and Am- erican interests will suffer in consequence. The Canadian Pacific has just’ arranged for two ‘specials’ a week from Montreal to

‘VOL. 26. —NO. 24

teal and Other tema,

STRAWBERRIES — Ripe strawberries . have been pivked at Sussex and Woodstock, N. B., within the past few days.

—_——@

Tey Seizep rae Drum.—The Ambherst police, acting under instructions of the Mayor, seized the Salvation Army drum on Sunday. The Mayor says the soldiers promised not to beat the druin during cer- tain hours on Sunday. The soldiers say they promised the Mayor nothing, and that they had no conversation with the Muyor until they weut t> him to ask for the velonse of their drum.

Horses anp Gina: x Summerside

Vancouver. These speciais- are nothing more nor less than express freight trains) which are intended to cross the continent) and deliver the freight in less time, and at! lower rates than can be done by the Am-/ erican transcontinental lines.

—The *‘boodiers” of the New York city q government are returning from ther Can- adian exile. The . prosecuting attorney, who stampeded the gang, has been replaced) by a serviceable tool of Tammany, who has ~_. failed to convict a single one of the indict-

ed, and the fugitives have received satis-' factory assurances that the storm is over. Of the twenty under indictment, only two) were sent. to the penitentiary and the. re- mainder escaped with the fruits of their robbery, and can in future enjoy it without molestation.

—Various labor organizations in the’ States have uriited in’ an appeal to Congréss, against-the adulieration of Jager beer. <A! memorial containing over 390,000 signa- tures has been presented in the House by Representative Turner, of K msas, setting forth the evils arising from t e substitution of corn, rice, sugar, starch, glucose, and ‘other materials for pure malt which is now ‘extensively practiced.’’ 1t would probably be as difficult to pruduce an unadulterated sample of lager beer as to fin¢. an “original package” of genuine bourbo:i whiskey in any prohibition state.

—On influenza, as on other subjects sub- jects, it seems fhat doctors «lisagree. In

lef Switzerland, has read at the Vienna ‘ Mediea! Congress, he traverse. at the least 'ohe point made by the. medical -authority who gave forth his views in the Times the ‘other day... This is as to the way ia which | thé disease was wafted across the world. In. tlie Times it was remarked that curious as'| it might seem, the rapidity with which the disease pursued ifs course on the present, octasion Was nét one wit superior to its per- formance a century ago. Then, in spite of

. the fact (hat there did not yet exist the;

steam communication which now covers:

:Eurcpe with a net work over land and sea’ —) for the interchange-of ideas—and disease—

: PROFIT to the Gro.

cer who sells f

| | Economical to ihe. et Housewife who mses.

the influenza fiend, according to this auth- otity, spread just as swiftly from land to land. But Professor Bauniler’s account: is that ‘it can be proved almost mathemati- cally that it has followed the railway lines, , its velocity being equal to that of the; trains.” ‘He adds that it has always spread. most rapidly where the population has been ‘most dense, and has been rare where inter-

‘course is restricted, as in prisons, monas- teries, lunatic asylums aid isolated villages. |

ileal Notes.

Keep cool and youroonimand everybody. St. Just.

What agriculture is to the soil, education is toman. How much fruit, then, may be taken from the uncultivated human mind ! Heinrich Byron.

Love’is the sun of life; train thy ehild in like a flower in the bro

‘sunlight, unfold and flourish most’ natural-} ily.—Heinrich Byron. A

Not all those who are called teachers The words of

‘mankind.—Heimrich Byron. If I am right, thy grace impart | ‘Still'in thé tight té stay; lf l am wrong, 0 teach my heart ‘To find'the better way.—-Pope.

‘} i] ‘That which the world calls education is

often only’ mechanical, for mere drilling wernt one more déxterous—but true edu-

By Por: 4 ; 2 oe : 4 | Books are the true levelers. They give to all who faithfully use them the society,

he spiritual preseuce, of the best and ., $restest of eur race.—Dr,. Channing.

Old wood to burn!

Old friends to trust ! | Old authors to read ! —Melchoir. When a firm, Cecisive spirit is recognized it is curieus to see how the space clears d4round a -man’ and. leaves! him room - ree: jom.-—John Foster.

Growth of Engiand’s

Population. The inerease in the . popul: itien of Engiand and: Wales’ is still ery-rapid, Aecording to the statistics of; 1386, jast published by the Registrar Gen- éra!, the births in that year. were 689,179 and the deaths 627,998, an increase of 357,- §LL within the twelve months, without ‘al- lowing for immigration. That is a good, & golid colony added 'te the total population eve y year: The total number now exceeds 20,000,000, or six times the pupulation of fre'and, which was once more than half gur own. The births of men exceed these of women [oy 1G Abb that Che dispropoit on between the sexes m tavor of women is due entirely to the immigration and occupations abroad. ' But ior these intervening: causes, the number of the pexes would’ be nearly aqual, the excess of the male deaths being more than 14,000. At the present rate of incréase, the population of England and Waies will, in 1900, be at least 50,000,000, rether a formidable prospect, if it were certaia that the rates would keep steady.

. Biere, is, however, ‘no a of the

>| Farmer says :

| put on board the same morning.

On Monday morning last W. . McKie took over 21 horses by the St. Lawrence, and Mr. Jehn Mconald..seld the same person three, which were also taken over. Some four or five others were Ou Tues-

day 19 cattle were shipped by-Messrs. Avayd and Drummond, accompanied by a few horses. Another shipment of 10 horses took place on the following morning by Various patties.

Tie.Westey Centenary.—A. Si.- John despatch of the 17th says: In thee ce ontonary Methodist Church to-night John Wesley's anniversay was celebrated. 8. D. Scott

‘read a biographical sketch of Wesley and

Rev. J. DeSoyres,. Episcopalian, spoke. of Wee'ey as ascholar. Rev. Dr. Macrae, Pre: pyterian, . spoke of Wesley’s religious influence and Rev. Dr. Carman spoke of Met iodist doctrine and polity. The church was crowded at this unusual combination of culogists of the founder of Methodism. Mayor Lockhart presided and Rev. W. W. Brewer led the devotional exercises.

A Worp IN SEASON. —The fellowing clipping | is from the Windsor, N. 8., Tra- bune: ‘*A representative of the Tribune attended the closing exercises of Acadia Semimary at Wolfville. He was fortunate enough to secure a programme which an- other newspaper man who came later was not. He was not fortunate enough vo

| secure a seat and the other man was equally

uuhappy. The Tribune man asked all the ushers he met if any arrangements had been made. for reporters, but received the answer from all,,* Didn’t know of any.’ This is the kind of usage that tends to make the

“hewspaper man the fiend that some believe

him to be. Ag arule he doesn’t want the earth, only a place to see and hear and a chance to take notes without using the bald ° head.of a neighbor fora desk. He is sup- posed..to print everything and to have it correct, the least error in detail is apt to ‘call forth an indignant remonstrance and a request that in the future ‘ to have matters correct or not at all,’”

News Notes.

The C. P. BR. branch to opened for passenger traffic last.

The cable between Halifax and Bermuda is expected to be laid and in working order by July Ist.

Stanley has been appointed Governor- . General of the Congo Free State, his duties to commence in 1891,

A new and very rich vein of silver has been struck close besides the celebrated Badger mine, near Port Arthur.

The French Republic promises to be the first European power to officially recognize the Brazilian republic. There has been no news*irom Brazil for some time, and in such |@ case no news is good news. The world’s ‘newest republic muy justify itself more quickly than people thought.

From Rhode Island comes the story of

a 60-year-old man Sded coutined in jail for a debt of $67 due to his so n, the latter pay- ing $3.a week for the privilege of keeping

Rhode Isiand is a evidently, much too broad for some of its citizens.

2~«® >rOre

Wealth of the Gypsies.

Detroit was on .Monday

Edward L. Wakeman, whose life among, and close study of,the Rom: aby, eatitles him to be ranked as the highest authority upon gypsies, furnishes from time to time many

__— ‘pation should make us nobler. — Heinrich witerosting facts in regard to their progress

in this country. He states that in Chicago

‘there is a clergyman who was born a gypsy.

A member of the Pennsyivania legisiature has thesame origin. In Canada there are fifty eminent protéessional people who are of ‘the Buhemion race. A promiment civil en- ‘gineer on a Southern railway is a gypsy. Mr. Wakeman says that in New York city ‘are half a hundred gypsies several of whom are worth upwards of $100,000 apiece. A Bos‘on lawyer in good practice is a gypsy. San. Francisco cafe is owned and con- ucied by a gypsy, who is very rich. In | ind: anopolis is a physician in large practice who passes as an Englishman; he was born in « .¥ethuim gppay camp. One of the wea'hiest residents of Washington is a gypsy. ‘Certain business men in Richmond and Baltimore have the same origin. Henry Stauley, of St. Paul, owns property worth $40,000. - The Cooper fatily, of Kast Somervile, Boston, are worth $250,000. Uriah Wharton owns $200,000 worth of real estate in New York. In Canada the ayo mnt of pre perty held by gypsies ia vory lang . Haita millon dollars’ worth of pro- pert in and near Dayton, Ohio, is owned by gypsies. In Miiwaukee, Ellis Brewer opn $50,000 worth of property. Ia short, says Mr Wakeman, T make it as # stefe- ment of fact that i could till columus w ith nb mes and addresses and pruporty estimates of nearly 1,000 gypsies in this counsry Wy 1680 combued wealth would exceed $40,- 0€0, 000.

‘Mark Twain's success in life, says a cor- respondent of the Chicago Times, seems to heve made hem cresty and sour. He is worth considerably over $2,000,000, end finds it no joke to take care » of 80 much

Vwelthii ysicasuse “ai wi. 4