‘if. _ i‘ NOTES ouusLAnp PLANTS

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‘Pwo speciovo! Agrlmony were remarked hereby Professor Groh 1n 192$. The Tall Hairy 1- mony (Agrimortfa grypnsepala) as the hooks on the fruit spreading widely: the ‘Noodlund Agrlmony (A. striata) has the hooks shorter and connivent.‘ Several other spe- cies occur in our range, but like the two mentioned their distinc- tive (iiffc-i" fr» irllfzll. The 'n.-.m» .< .10: of Argcmone-

the nonu- alltiillvr very different plant. In France 1t is “Algie- moinc." This plant. in common

with many whose flowers were of yellow hue, was believed lo be nf value in thetreutment of derange- ments oi the liver and kidneys. Our msuc forefathers argued that 1f ,MI,IllllCC, l disease of those or- gans, turn-ed the skin yellow, the yirturs of yellow-flowered plants ottght to be tyowerful enough to hcl" the stifiercr: that nature had in flat, givcn them that color an n "sign" of thclr efficacy. This conccpt “u; extended to other plants, for Otllfl‘ diseases, and was n thc long rem known as the ‘doctrine of simattn-cs". Agrimony was also (tr-Ml in rustic medicine fll-Yfllflrt (‘otlqhs and for bowel trouble. The writcrs grandfather had an aromatic Agrimony (A. atioratull. which he grew and dis- pensed to the cnttagers of neighborhood, for medicinal pur- poses. It made a rather good wine ton. but unfortunately I did not sccure the recipe. I have the plant, however. growing in the gar- den hcrc.

The Rxises come next, and we have four species growing wild. As the species are 1n gencttl highly mriziblc, they are often difficult to determine The Early Wild Rose (Rosa blanda) has large flowers, with the sepals entire and conni- vcnt. alter floivering: the main stem tinzirm-rl. or p-nh few prick- lcs. 17in Sweetlrrier (R. rubiginosal ls an tntrodncllrvit here. but has escaped from the garden and made itself nt homr- 1n rough pastures mid similar sit-nations. This in the ‘"Eg1anttnc" of the poets: so called ou account of its prickles. In Franc" it. is tho "Rosier a odeur do relnettn", "because the leaves are dcnsely resinous beneath with an aromatic resin. This rose 1s very cloeely allied to the Dog Rose (R. bunlna) of Britain, and its “hlps",~ like those of other species, contain citric acid. Stitrdevant says the bearles (hips) are collected and sold in Norway, but does not their t1se.Rhi!;id (1855) tells of their being made into a conserve with sugar, in rltain.

‘There is ayery pretty, and very flagrant rose, to be found growing

and

1n onthchalg. growstalkslx jiogeight feet; high, and the flow- ,en are of s fine pink hue. This is the Swamp Rose (R. potash-is)- ~11: was formerly included in the ‘species (R. carollna.) under which mume lt appears in John Niac- {Swairfs list; but has lately been separated as above.

The Glossy Rose (B. vlrginlana) is the last. of our roses. It is found 1n dsunp places. edges of swamps. etc. Some botanists know 1t as R. lucida, meaning the shining rose and referring to its deep green shining leavesx

The genus Prunus closes the list of our Rnsaceac. The Wild Black Cherry (P. scrotina) is a large tz-cc. with a wcod used in the U5. A. . a substitute for mahogany ' t making. The “bcrries" ith a slightly bitter but r which has originat- nonulzu" name-the Rum

~. B ‘aridzc (vritlng in 1877. siys ‘Th0 succulent fruit tastes 0f m iccta and is solrl in Mexican tinder the name of capul-

11in

‘T119 rfhnke Cherry (P. virginlannl )5 .1 11.11 shrub. srldom a tree. The irnrr lnrl: has n rank disagreeable Mcr. Th? Wm? is rather ornamen- ttl. tut.- u-‘nitc flovaers being 10mm. lwmirl. disposal in loosely-flowered

(‘nlnr 2 and PRIZE PALE o. Stirling

(‘Ii-fir

Z P1111515 2m

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n: Acuncou

specify 3",],

r: emes on the young twigs. The fruit 1s very austere and. astring- ent tin-til perfectly ripe. However, 1t differs much 0n different plants.

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NATURAL BSSOUIOIS IAIGIFIILD.

I CONSERVATION I

l WERE! COLUMN OI PBAGIIOAL OIINIONI OI ‘I'll! VITAL ISSUE! AIIICTING ‘I'll USE! AND AIUIII 0F

B! HI- LUDDOI IINIINS.

warm Livestock MARKET nmnr

OTTAWA. NOVIHIBI I. BUMMALY ~ Finn to strong price; were paid

fcr at classes of livestock durinl

, very _, nt, some lines juicy and pleasant with little astrlngency. Wood,

"New England's Prospects” (1805) says “The berries are as wilds as the lndtism." The fruit forms a desirable addition to pemmlcan," says Tyler in 1833.

The Wild Red Cherry (P. penn- Wlvanice.) 1s perhaps the common- est of the three, and 1s known. in different localities, as the Pin, Bird. or Fire Cherry. There is con- siderable diversity of opinion as to its fruit: In the U3. Department of Agriculture Report for 1875, it. is stated to be “sour and unpleas- ant." F. Pursh, botanist, in his "Flora. American tentrlovnalls," published in Landon n 1814, say: “the fruit is agreeable to eat." Woods Class-book of Botany. (1884) merely states that thc fruit is red and acid

Not Gone. Surely

A Staff Writer for the Canadian Press, quoted in The Guardian of Nov. 30, under the heading "High- landers have Scourge to battle," makes a curious error. "The plague —g0rse>has made devastating headway since the sheep e1; start.- fn hitrhlahd agriculture," he says; and then goes on to describe the plant as a. tall fern-like weed, rust brown at this season of the year, which stlfles grass. 511011.! pasturase. and has no nutritional value. But further on he states that mixed with other materials it makes good silage. And in the old days crofters cut it out for bed~ 11g.

Now gorse, whln or furzkit has the three uames—ls as unlike a fern as could be imagined. It 1s a shrubby plant, with its leaves re- duced to mere scales. and with stem an branch densely clothed with sharp hard green spines about one and a. half inches long. The flowers, born 1n spikes among the spines. are yellow. and like those of garden peas in form and size: when in bloom. the fragrance is sweet and reminds one somewhat of freshly opened coooanut. The gorse, it. is true, grows on mount- ain sides, but. the furthers burn 1t off in the fall. when the seeds do not seem to be affected: the young plants come up the following spring and being green and succulent. and thout spines, are eaten readily enough by llvostock. But for bed- ding: One might u well use thorn

es

711cm 1.1 another plant. however. which answers the description of the hlghlanders scourge; 1t is not merely fern-like, but in a fern, the brake or bracken. Just now ft ls rusty-brown, as may be seen, for we have 1t here. It has a stout stalk which divides into three at the summit, and each of the three divisions bears an unmistakable fern leaf. N0 animal eats 1t, I sus- pect on account of the tannin it. contains; and I have read some- where that dried, and eaten with the hay, it 1s harmml. if not pols- onous, to horses. In this Island ll’. usually grows a foot or so high, but. 1n ‘the Highlands it towers to five or six feet. A single plant will produce thousands of spores. and consequently thousands of plants: which cover the ground so com- pletely that grass will scarcely grow beneath the shade. This fern, when dried. was used by the hardy croft- ers as bedding for themselves as well as for their beasts. and both would enjoy their rest much more than if they slept on gorse!

A patch of brake on the road- side was cleaned out by the follow- ing experiment. I pulled each stalk ‘icing careful to extract the butt. which is thicker and brown. The root runs underground and prepares a bud which becomes the new stern of the following ear. When the first stem was pul ed and its shade removed, the eat of the sun for- the new bud into action and a stem came up. Then I went over

the patch ngcin and pulled all the

a Yrs. MALE MacLean

Dense Fur"!

FOXES a1 ausron s12 cwrown

market prices.

Silver Fox Pelts-

Hr. M. Maurlel I low at our offlcc llll| will he buying continuously all grades of silver fnx skins and other raw furs. Paying highest

G. R. MCQUARRI E SUMMERSIDE

11110-12551‘.

mnn. Charge 75 cents.

Silver Fox Pelts I Wanted

Take" advantage of present trade requirement: before large quantities of pelts come on the market. Realizing good prices now. Shipments

daily. Peltl ' and cleaning plant now Skille workmen. Fire Insurance. Night watch-

c. n. MACQUARRIE, Slummerside.

1n operation.

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lwlld foes. And since wildlife in al-

was an opportunity to urtload anc-

MORE SANCTUAEIES NEEDED

In times of changing economy and social structure, such as the world 1s now EIIHUTlDQJIIB-‘IYYWUNIIB and phrases lose clear-cut dc- flnitlon, and new ones, times ill-defined, appear. Such a. word is “sanctuaryfl In its original sense a sanctuary was a place held sacred to a certain act or office. Because of various circumstances the origin- al meaning has become so modi- fied that, even as restricted to ap-

y to wildlife protection, the dictionary definitions are somewhat tuicertaln. Let us. therefore, ignore them for the moment and reflect that, since wildlife, generally speak- ing. reached its maximum known abundance lnspite of its natural enemies (or. perhaps, because of Ltem( it Ls still able (within rea- sonable limits) to contend with the

most. all oases owes its diminution to the action of man, it follows that what wildlife moot needs is sanctuary from man, and from enemies introduced or encouraged by man.

Many different methods have been Lrled to give our wildlife such protection. We have had in- numerable areas dedicated to their use. ‘Ilhe earliest were preserves 1n which no one except a monarch and his retainers could hunt. when our country was settled by liberty- lovlng people, the desire to share alike in Nature's ‘bounty upset this system. But. with the diminution of wildlife that came with intensive settlement. there crept in the prin- ciple of retaining for a favored class the major share of the wild- life that, of course. belongs equally to all. This principle has never been entlielgivorced from our

new stems. As there was now no reserve buds. that. was the end of the patch. and the grass 1s growing vigorously in its stead.

Joseph's Thom In a little poem on Glastonbury ln the Poet's Comer lately. there occurs a. reference to "Joseph's Thom." It struck me that here

ther antiquarian story on my usu- ally patient readers. Glastonlb ts situated 1n Somersetshtlne, lb0ll midway between Brldgwalad and Wells. 8nd is famous for the beau- tiful and well-kept remains of its Abbey. once esteemed the holiest spot in Britain. Tradition he; 1t that Joseph of Arimethca first founded I. religious house there; and placed 1n 1t the Holy Grail for safe keepinga-

“The cup, the cup itself, from which our Lnrd Drank at the last. sad supper with

is own.

Then from the blessed lend of Aromat-

After the day of darkness, when

the dead

Went wandering o'er Morlah- the good saint,

Arlmathean Joseph. journeying, brought,

To Glastonbury, where the win- ter thorn

Blossoms at Christmas, mindful of our Lord.

And there it abode: and ff a man Could touch or see 1t. he was

l1eal’d at once By faith o! all his ills."

So Tennyson writes: William of Malmesbury. chronlcler. is more precise: Writing in 1126 this an- cient historian says that Joseph, and a little band of followers, came to Britain 1n the year 63. driven from Jerusalem by persecution, and anxious to spread Christianity among the pagans. The British Kin -supposed to be one Avlramis —re used to accept the religion of the newcomers, but he respected their patient rind industrious lives, and gave them the ‘islandbf Ava- lon-htigh ground girdled about by flooded marshes. There the holy men, incited by a. vision of the Archangel Gabriel, built, ln honor of the Blessed Mother. the frlst Christian church in Britain. The Abbey became more and more famous as a. centre of piety. and 8t. Patrick, returning from Ireland 1s said to have visited Glastonbury and remained there as its Abbot till his death in 472: and there he was buried. The Abbey was destroy- ed by fire in 1184 but was re-erected

practices, and ft 1.: this form of

selflshnenl, and the greed memialism. that hove great measure to th terms now in v o ous types of re .

areas are now set aside for wild- life purposes. latterly 1t has be-

wlth a tmm publlcl . evidently to the impr on that all is we with our wildlife. And yet-the wildlife of North America still urgently zieeda more and better refuges —-1t needs more sanctuaries. We have for waterfowl every gradation of refuge from the bait- ed pond when ducks are scared up and driven before ‘the hunter, at so many dollars per bag-limit, to thelactual inviolate sanctuary that ls well suited for duck resting and feeding, and where no shooting whatever is practiced. But what- ever its merits or faults there will be some one to call any such area. e sanctuary. One type of “sanctu- ary" popular in states vlhcre the money for protecting wildlife 1s derived from the sale of huntlnfi licensee is an area enclosed by a brushed strip and a strand of wire. On this line of wire are signs de- noting that the enclosed 1s a sanctuary and that trespassing la forbidden. The remainder of the property 1s open to hunting by the public. Whether the area enclosed be large or (a 1n some casesanuuumiellutwoacres is deemed sufficient). the harassed

lids are expected to learn by education and experience that they are safe wilihln the e.

Needless to aav that t type of sanctuary 1s the kind that is advocated by the American Na- ture Amoclstlon: neither is even a "super-sanctuary" 1f part of its area 1s open to public shooting. For some years the American Na- ture Association has advocated the establishment by associations and individuals of wildlife sanctuaries of many kinds. and 011-11 sizes. A few of the States have such auricu- cries, and cooperate rn their man- agement 1n various degrees. In most of the States however, there seems to be no special machinery to aslst those who wish to es- tablish real sanctuaries. Ineed, 1n the ease of some States one is forced to conclude that them ex- ists n. sort, of unwritten regulation

O‘

the lack of success that has at- tended many sincere efforts by in- dividuals and associations to set aside areas where all wildlife would be given absolute "ear-long pro-. tection. It is almost the unvary- lng rule that requests from in- dividuals for cooperation 1n es- taibllslmlng _and maintaining such sanctuaries are ignored by state authorities.

We (have intentionally mentioned no individual association, cr state either 1n praise or blame: there are, of course, examples of all these

at will occur to the informed

lost a battles-who, in the summer of A.D. 84, canted his arms u for as Ardoch in Perthshlre, and in a greet battle slaughtered ten thous- and of the North Britons, leaving the Romans in full 1, 1o. of the whole Island. But the Rormn territory was really south of the earthen dyke which joined the ce- tuarles of the Forth and the Clyde: and for forty years immense gsr- risons were maintained to guard this compel-lively worthlessroglon. In the year 120 the Emperor Had- rlan visited Britain in. person. marched into the northern wilds and chastised theCaledmuan tribes. Then he withdrew all his forces behind the long stone wall which still bears his name and Caledonia was free.

For nearly twelve hundred years thereafter Scotland enjoyed an 1n- d-emerwdcttce, “finch however does not. seem to have produced any- thitrt- like the prosperity of her southern neighbor. The warlike and "touohy” character of the peogile, and the clan system, with its t- tcr feuds. holdings and murders, held up all social and economic progress. A great King now ruled 1n England: Edward I. “a strong and able prince; the mtionthcre- fore grew wealthy and powerful" says his historian. “He did not wish

in the beautiful Transition and Early English styles. It was fin- ally wrecked by vtmdal hands in the time of Henry VIII. Another tradition says that St. Joseph was carrying a thorn staff when he come to Glastonbury. He stuck 1t, in the ground, and it root- ed and bore flowers every Christ- mas. Them is such a plant. a. va- riety l-cnown its the Glastonbury thorn (Cral-aegus oxyacamtha, var. raccox which as its name denotes percoclotts and flowers 1n Janu- erv and February, and 1n favor- able seasons and situations as early as Christmas. (But not. hsrcl) This is the merest sketch of Glammibury; its connection with the Holy Grail. and also with the famous King Arthur. may be the topics of a future Note.

Bnnnnclcburn (l) Swtlnnd has maintained its 1n- depcndenoe since the dawn of his- tory, by reason of two things: the difficulty of its terrain, and the valor 01.11.: inhabitants. In olden times it was a land of trnckless forests and marshy moors, bleak mountains and roll ng hills. ‘The roads were mere cattle tracks, often interrupted by mountain panes. easy to defend, difficult to attack. The people, a bmnch of the great Keltlc family of mankind, polscoc- ed all the headlong valor of their race, and 1f they lacked the r- tlnaclty of their southern as they usually showed l. wtllneas of tactics which the latter could not match. So 1t catne to pan that. 1n the course of her long filstowy Scotland's 1 been cerlmisly 1n jeopardy twice only: firstly by the Ronnn invasion, un-

~~~-~ ~- k 1.55"‘, 141T, it;

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der Julius ole-n general for whom it 1| _ be nova

but he resolved to make his power l.o increase his foreign possessions felt and respected in every corner of this island."

Edward dealt with Wales first: its Prince, Llewellyn, wholly mis- judged the tx-tmvper of the new King and refused to take the customary oath of allegiance. This was o "dare" that Edward accepted with his usual prompmess; tvnd gath- crlng an army marched into Wales. Llewellyn was defeated and taken

risoner, but. was later released.

e repaid this clemency bygenter- lug into a. conspiracy against Ed- ward ond this time was defeated and slain‘. while Wales was an- nexed w England.

The disorderly condition of her northern neighbor had led to num- erous "frontier incidents,” which rotised great: concern in Exigland. Edward. wise ruler that ha wle. hrul endeavored to promote a. union between the two kingdoms ‘by the marriage of his son 1nd the heir- us to the Scottish throne. butane died before this nrrnngemmt could be carried out. We shall see 1n the next Note how Destiny played into Edmrd‘; hand. and how at the long last, the best. laid schem- es "want agley." and interested reader. What inter- est us at the moment ls the build- ing uacf u sentiment more favor- able the establishment and maintenance of sanctum-lea of the

that we trust we have dc- f . Be united that our wild- life needs these, rnonvy of them, not only for whet life the areas themselves may save and grctect. but to help 1n the tip-bull ng of -“ y-oonsclotioneu among our P001319

Oui-‘wlldlifc needs more ‘

come about that. so many kinda of

come the fashion to herald their

the past week. Any added strength in the cattle market. however. was attributed solely to a tapering off in current luppllcl. While buyers were paying stronger prices, 1n some instances. 1t. Wu mostly un- der protest as the dressed bee! trade appears to be ecmewhnt slug- gish at the moment. With the up- prcach of the holiday season buy- ers were operating cautiously and shippers an being advised to liqui- date supplies 1n a. very orderly fashion and avoid placing too many plain cattle on the market. The principal enquiry around this time of year usually centres in fat cet- tle suitable for the holiday trade, and there is, of course, a. reatflcted demand for lighter fleshed mu- terial. Calves sold to better advan-