W111i? CHARLOTTETOWN uusnm/w __

__ {AGE ELEVEN

7- NEWSY NOTrES -

B! AGBICOLA

As I Look Back-ill of his countrymen swept down in- i? Cumberland. and plliaged that Did you ever hear. gentle reader, county as far sou es enrith,

oi the Law of Acceleration? It is a labor-saving method of pro- claiming ihaLthe .ast twenty-five have seen more changes in

"a" r llvln - g than did the pre- Illftgi; and the last fifty years

more than the reviaua hundred. were sage reflec one came to the surface on reading the “Morning smile" a. day or two a o. “The Mis- tress wants to see you". says the maid-servant to the postman. He waits. anticipating a. generous tip.

u gular postman " . “Yea. mtam,"

“filréfiiiue awry pre-dates the ' bell. Pcssi ly some of my glder readers may remember the uNfl-pllll," a 11tt'e knob-like affair. made in o, variety of shapes. which projected from one of the door- amim. On making a call one took iiiold of the knob and pulled: where- upoil a bell in the interior sum- molicd the maid to "attend to the door." Not infrequently. through ouch use. or some flaw. the wire motivating the bell snapped; and the visitor felt a bit of e. col when m, maid arrived to find him (or her) holding the knob with a, yard or so of wire attached! So it must have happened to the poor postie. Forty or fifty years ago in the old Country all houses oi any con- sequence had a range of bells eon- riccted up by such wires, one'bell to each room usually occupied In the home of my bovhood there was a row of eight bells located above the front-kitchen door. The "beli- pulls" in the bedrooms were fancy cords ending in tassels, hanging by each bed-head. Thebeil was of good sze and made quite a jangle: and as it hung at the end of a. curved spriiig. it vibrated for a con- siderable tme after it was silent, so it was easy to trace the call.

After many years the electric bell wade its appearance, but it was not aa reliable as the old bell-null system. It was the battery that occasioned the trouble rather than the somewhat clumsv electric bell. There vrere no sllckdrgv-cells those days for the very few electric gad- gets in use. so you made ycurown "b ciariehe cell." Procurinii l “WIN girls; jar, you puts. zine rod in one corner, and a. carbon rod in the other. to each of which a conduct- ing vivire was attached. Then you filled the jar with a mixture of sal-ammoniac and water. In the circuit was a push-button. and of course the bell. The Leclanche con- traption had to be watched. for if the water got low. or a glassy coat formed on the zine~as 1t always did after a tune-your visitor might push the button in vain.

Twenty-five years ago there were no traffic lights. talkies‘. television. neon-lighting. broadcasting, or air t-avei. ‘Thirty years ago a group of young folk presented the writer with a grammophone-the latest marvel of science-An which the records were "vrax" cylinders. Each record played two minutes. I doubt if one maid buy s grammophohe now: the disc record has supplanted the cylinder.

Fifty years ago there were no motor cycles, no canty bathing costumes. no running wafer 1n bath- i-ooms-ln most houses there were no bathrooms-no airplanes. no taxis. and very few taxes!

sixty years ago. in Good Queen Victoria's golden days. life in Eng- lnnd was leisurely and peaceful. Not that there was little to do: there was hard work and plenty of it, but there also was plent of time to do it. ‘There were no la or- saving appliances as there are now: neither was there unemployment or government relief. Science has made many changes. but not all ae gains. We shall talk of them anon.

Sutton Iloo Again

‘The entire collection of old. sil- icr. and jewelled objects ound in the Anglo-Saxon burial-ship at Sutton l-loo, Suffolk. has been turn- ed over to the nation by Mrs. E. M- Pretty. the owner of the land where they were found. The British Museum claims that the fhid is the izrrat-est ever made in England.

The ancent. gallev is still talked of as King Redwaldfis burial-ship. though there dors not. seem to be an; justification for this. Redwald is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Ciironicc under date 617 A.D.: and from being King of East-Anglia, he became ruler of the g cater part oi Eirland bv conquest. Little more is told of him. except that he de- fMlPd and slew Aethelfrith, King oi the Northumbrfans.

Excavations r.'.'e to bc carried cut lsdin this summer. for it is said there are nine more mounds at Button l-loo. still untouched. The moving spirit 1n the quest is Mr. Stanley Brown. a retired farmer. oi Ricklngirail. Suffolk. "We shell Obcn the mound ncji cst to Red- wald‘s next." he says. "I think it may be the grave of his Queen. and lu that case may contain great riches."

More likely these mounds are the burial laces of Saxon Kings 01' Chiefs: n all the old writings. no mention is made of any special honors being paid to Saxon Queens 1n their burials, though they were greatly revereneed while living.

The Last of the Moss-Troopers

To the inhabitants of no pact of liflsland can it"s union of the Scot- tish _and Enzflsh Crowns in have been more welcome than to the people of the three Northern Ountiea. For centuries the dwell- ers on both sides of the "Border" had lived a precarious existence. for even when there was no actual state of war between England and Scotland. they were exposed to raids by parties of feebocters and moss- troopera. wfio looted and burned the. towns and vllages. slaw the nien. enslaved the women and children and carried off the cattle. (Some of the legends coming down fro this period would anpear ln- ere ibie. did we not witness the lame incidents today in other pazts or the world.)

Even in 1609. when the aon of Marv Queen of Scots was slowly making. his way- to London; to he crowed King of mgland, a body

B"! m6? did not esc "~ . free!" The Governor ofpefleifvsioctk W" the 01-1181‘ coast remember) 1111118 his Garrison right across the country and intercepted them; they were defeated and many were token pzisonera. In accordance with the 591m °1 the 88¢. ibese raiders were taken to Canine. the capital of the County. and straightway hanged, as B Wlfninil to others

It was not surpiusing then that the newdynasty was warmly wel- comed in the North. and that King James had a musing welcome when he reached the City of Dur- ham. the ecclesiastical capital of the North. in April 1603. It was re- alized that a new era was beginning. Particularly when the King order- ed the destruction of all fortified places along the Border. and ap-

inted Lord William Howard of

aworth to can‘ out his orders. Lord Howard a took vigorous measures to suppress the moss- trooaers. and for the first time for ggrlictéirles the Borderland was a

What's In A Name?

It was a poet who asked the ques- tion a long time ago. and I think gave a rather unsatisfactory answer to his own query. The farmers of Ontario, nowunited into a collec-

tive organization-as all farmer: should be-have been exercised over

the same question. Their organiza- tion. with which is affiliated most of the cooperative farm groups in the Province. has hitherto been known by the rather remote name of the Ontario “Chamber of Ag- riculture." At a recent meeting, a ve enthusiastic one too. it was dec ded to do something about this and other names were put before the members for consideration. Miss McPhail spoke strongly in favor of the organization being ie- named the Farmers‘ Union of On- tario. It was pointed out that there were similar "Farmers Unions" in Britain. South Africa. Rhodesia, and New Zealand. and that o, mm- mon name for these bodies all over the Empire would make for unity. But this was not randlose enough. and "The Pederat on of Agricul- ture" waa voted to be the correct designation. Aside from its name the Federation deserves to be highly commended for the work it is doing in the farmers’ interests.

In our-own Province too there is a sign of awakening. The Island Research and Development Coun- cil has prepared a comprehensive list of projects for the ‘aettermcnt of our economic conditions. The list is well thought out. and when those items that touch the agricul- tural community come into being. it is to be hoped that th will be Elected on e. truly coopera ve bas-

, rather than om that of private venture. Only in that way can the producer have his just share of the benefits they can, and will. provide.

"But" said a friend to whom I read e last paragraph. "our co- operative enferprises haven't made any great showing up to now." “I know." I sa'd. “but do you know where the blame lies? In the mem- bers themselves. A few years aao. I asked five neighbors-who were members of e cooperative body-if they had been to the Annual Meet- ing? Every one of them answezed "No". Doubtless this neglect was duplicated in hundreds of other cases, and if people won't look after their own business. how can they expect any ‘great showing?" “But we had Dlrectors"—he commenced. "Yes. but the Directors are respon- sible to the Annual Meeting, just as the Manager is to the Directors. And if the members don't attend the A. M. it's like a. tree dying at the lop! Of course I make some excuse for these men who had to dr1ve thirty miles or so over winter roads. and perhaps do their chores when they get back: winter travel- ling such as the last generation knew, went out when 2m cars came in. Peuhaps the remedy is to hold the Annual Meeting in the even- ing when the ears can run. and transport is easy. In a cooperative mieiy to which I belonged in the Old Country there was a "fu11 meet- ing" every three months; always at night. We did not pass e. resolution at the Annual Meeting and then wait a whole year to ascertain r-hetlier the management bod car- ried it out or ignored itl These meetings were lively and kept everybody on their tip-toes!

Three of the five members pre- viously mentioned. gradually drop- ped out. but I never heard that any- body connected with the manage- ment made any enquiiy as to why they did so. A live organization would have investigated. and pu up some propaganda at that po nt.

I have the By-laws of another slmlar concem at hand. end ex- cellent By-laws they are-the work of somebody who knew his hook- keeping. There was provision made for Reserve Account. Depre- ciation. etc.. and an account for general Dividends, all subdivisions of the Profit and Loss account- These items were ignored and the effect was anything but happy. I am heartily in sympathy with the coo erative cause. and perceive that it g the one thing that will help the farmer; but it is not a syajeno that will run itself, and it acquires like some other things. eternal vig- ilance.

"Scot-free"

Soot-free. used in a previous note. has nothing to do with national- ity: its root meaning is "untax-ad with a secondary meaning "uuhurt. It has a very ancient origin. In Anglo-Saxon times the commonest coin was the scent: plural sccaria. The land t ax in the Shetland Iwl- ands is still called the Scat. which is akin to the Icelandic skot. mean- ing a contribution. In Northumbrian parlance "to pav your shot“ is to discharge your-individual share of a reckoning. The word in th's form reappears as a component In Erw- lish place-names; for examcle a vii- lace called "Shaver" arose on a ley (lea. that is. field) on which a tax (shot) was anclently paid

i Use Minard‘: fer aches

L of 25c on active trade.

‘WEEKLY LIVESTOCK

MARKET REPORT

1 . I _ - . Ottawa, April 11. Aunt SUMMARY

shflflilli curtailed cattle receipts proved beneficial w the trade du... m8 the past week and all class-es ,§|"~\B¢d I Veil’ good recovery follow- ,m8 the break in prices during the Previous week. The advance. how- ever. was clue entirely to the light inatule of the offering. Calf prices {were irregular. Toronto recovering 50c of last weeks losses, vvnlle some declines we.e shown in one or two western markets. Hog pri- ces fluctuated conslderablyMarkeis 913911961 lhflrply lower but European developments brought a quick re- versal of the situation and most of the early declines were wiped out by the close. The lamb market was also irregular, Toronto losing 25 cents to 50c. Winnipeg gaining 25c and other yards holding about. steadv

Eastern Cattle Marketa

The

ed at supp y was well clear-

ON at an advance Weight-y steers closed up to $7.50 for choice while butcher steers and heifers made up to $7.35 and a few as high as $7.50. MONTREAL was a shade firmer with good steers mostly $725 $0 $7.50. tops $7.75, and good WW5 891191711137 $5.50 t0 $5.75. MAR- ITIME trade was fairly evcn with last week. Good ca1t'e were in rcril demand but there were practically none on offer. Some good choice steers brought $7.25 to $7.50.

Western Cattle Markets

cattle TOR

The trade in the west showed a firmer trend due to the light offer- ing of cattle at all markets. The ban on the use of trucks on nigh- ways has served to keep deliveries at a minimum. WINNIPE-G appear- ed to be fully 50c or more h‘ on mostkiliing classes and buyers were ciazining that llvc cattle pri- ces are out of line with the beef trade. Ordinary kiirds of steers sold

from $6.50 downward, while the better grades avert: in dtmand at $6.75 1o $7. with odd tops $7.25. Good to choice buic1ici' slcci a1. CALGARY nt.-ado $650 105115.75. EDMONTON ivas firm with odd choice steers making up in $7,

PRINCE ALBERT had some good steers at $5.50 to $6.25. and MOOSE JAW sod choice butchers at s6 $6.25. Choice stcci-s at R ranged from $0 1o 31 50 KATOON was 25:" in flfll’ the influence of t . . I

l0 WA

(‘VS

for the wort coast. Slot-rs said 1m to $6.50 with a few choice up to $6.85. There woo nci sufficient

cattle at VANCOIUVER to (‘Slllb- lisli a market

Unilcd Stairs .\1:\rki'i.

dlcated a better market on the whole. Sales of Canadian stotrs were made off curs at. $1100 in s! ‘i’ which would not lnck to O: country prints about $2.8.) 1v ., .. '87.. Paul quoted medium t i1_lfl1‘11l steers from $7.25 1o $8.25. u..0:1 cows ‘$6.25 and bulls $6 t0 $0.27. Exports to the U. S. for the week ‘amounted to 2.1558 boot cattle. 112 dairy. and 1.341 calves. The ini- ‘uls from Jllilllill“ 1st to Avril 11111 2 bcc. 2.202 dulgv. and , compnzczl wiih 50.71511 airy. and 18.322 calves in the same period last year. Ex- ports uncler the second quarterly quota from April 1st to 11th, inclu- sive, were 5.377 hcati. compared with 13,280 in the 5.11110 pcilod lust-

year. Calf Market Jucvcn

Toronto recovered 50c of last week's decline in calf prices, choice veais closing at $10.50 with a fcw at $11. Montreal remained sicndv with good veais from $7 up 1o $7.50 Winnipeg was lrcaulai" but. closed stronger under short arrivals up to $8. Caiagary paid as high as $0, and Edmonton also up 1o $9 Good veais made $7.50 at Ponce Albert. while Moose Jaw was 50c lower vvi‘li a top of $7.50. Regina was also drawn sharply with odd toll‘ at 53-59- Best ven's at Saskatoon sold be- tween $8 and $9

Recovery in llog Market

Hogs opened lower at Toronto with bacnns at. $ll 50 tiff trucks ill/KI $11.50 dressed. The drossczi priro jumncd up. hoivcvcr. 1o $12 1111c on Thursday’. Montenl closed with bacons at $9 f. & w.. and WhiIIlPPiZ advanced late Thursday to $800 i 8r w. Calgary closed with barons at $7.90 off truck: , Edmonton $8. Prince Albert $7.95. Moose J:\\v mid fteglna $8. Saskatoon $9.30. Vun- oouver paid $8.60 for slaughter hogs

Lamb Market Irregular

bomb prices were 25c to 50c lower at Toronto with opening sales at $10.50 for good westerns and tuo cars mak‘ng $10.75 011 TllfSflfly. A few choke locals sold up 1o $11. Odd lambs bought up 1o $9 M» Montreal. Winnipeg ivas firmer on a short suimly and good lambs top- ped at $9.75. ‘The 1ii"h at Cnlszaiiv was $0 50. E scwhrrc. there were not enough sheen or lambs offcrcd 1o test the trade

CATTLE MARKETS

TORONTO cleared out an offer- 111': of 4.087 cattle at an advance of 15c on Mondav‘< mrirkict ivhi. 1 ivas ext-ended to 25c by Vviwkvsriay weighty steers closed at i\_i0ll 0i a750, with others from $6.10 to $7.?5. The t" on bu1:~1r~*_ slams and heifers w R50 to $7 3o. W111 a few tors 57.51). lluicho" cows sold a; g4 in $550 ant‘ f‘.'I1l'.‘f‘l'S and cut- i-ers at $3.25 in $1.75 Bulls v ‘i’: from $4.75 1o $5.6". Fad crlvcs clos- ‘ed at. $7.50 to $8.75. villi tiircc to»: M, 3g A [my lg‘: of slockcvs and

“Mm b.-_~....y.i $5.50 i0 s‘: an. cord .

milkers and snrlngtrs lvld simdv at $75 to $85 each. Common kinds wprp ~~~t in dcmail-i. MONTREAL movrri out 1 341 Mi- 110 at uric-rs a shade firmer. Tm slot-rs wor» $7.75 uiili "Nd fliillllll’ m-s-iv g7 o: In s n_ and mediums 311.2510 $7. Hrlfors voncci from "i ‘o $7. good cows I""1l1 $5.50 i0 $5.75. ton butchc a so. common flavin to '4 ll"il canncrs and cuiirrs l3 to $3.75. Pivlls were $4315 10 $6 5nd miiir-e-e Q40 fr» SR5 (“FIR MARlTlMFflnCntilr- 1\l'IE"‘.'= full‘- Yy steady. plain and mcrlium claw- ea were adequate but good cattle,

The weeks trade at Buffalo in- -

By GORDON

Canadian Garden Service 1940 LINDSAY SMITH

Eliminating Drudgery

A few handy tools and a. little knowledge regarding the handling of soils will eliminate all the drud- seiy lll gardening. There is no need \\'l_'|ilt€\'€l“ for constant digging in sticky soil. In fact no soil should remain SLICIKK very long after a real gardener ta es it over.

_Exper1s advise one thorough dig- ging or spading in the late fall or spring, or if the lot is a large one it will be bettier to get lt plowed. Just before either operation. if the ground is poor it is s splendid idea to have some good rotted manure turned under. After this epading or plowin it will only be necessary to cultlvce fine with a rake. One thorough cultivation like this once n year shoul keep the soil in shape and pernut one to car on easily with a small hand cu tivator or Dutch hoe. Either of these inex n- sive tools can be operated wit out bending the oack and both will be sufficient to keep the soil stirred and the weeds down during the re- mainder of the season.

Heavy soil can be loosened r- manently by the s ading or pow- lng in of some we rottted strawy manure or lacking this vegetable growth such as clover, quickly grown cats or even weeds. In very small gardens 1t is possible to secure a load or two of sand. or loose black loam. These will also hep to loosen the heavy clay and make it easily worked. Just plain cultivation alone will help. The ginner with a brand new piece of raw clay should not get discouraged. Such soil is a1- ways hardest to work at first. Each year will find the iob simpler.

Light sandy soils are always greatiy benefited by, the addition of strawy manure or lack loam. The |incoroporotlon of vegetable rnattter |such as straw. and w eds or clover

will add humus to t e sand and make it hold moisture better and give it a more desirable body.

Garden Tools

A fcw special garden implements u-ili hiakc the job more interest- 111i! and loss arduous. These things arc not expensive. For ordinal-v difl- iziug both a spade and a digging fork have a place. The first is ideal for tuning over soil in the spring or tor breaking up sod. The fork. lizhicr and quicker to operate is

for bvrakiliu un soil ihal has been plowed m- snzidczi sometime earlier.

Fir kiiiinc ivcods. thinning. cul- ilvatiiig larzc vezetables and shrub- bciyv. a srunil not-io-rride hoe “"11 S11T1l'i7?11“d is the ideal ton‘. For wo king 1 shrubbcrv and zimuurl sin-nil bctldinu pia: . as ii€\\'l\' set yiriunins. nst . have, 01s.. a Dutch hoe is i cal

This 1s a U-shaped affair and is 'mi.<hcd along 111st IIIICIPI‘ the surface lni the soil. It cuts off any weeds

a -:

(‘marl to (zlzoicc sircrs made $7 l to $7.50. medium to good $6.25 to $5.75. others down to $4. Heif- lt-rs sold is‘. 1's. Goazl cows brought $5

}$5.50. mediums $4 to $4.75 and canncis anzi cutters $2.50 b0 $3.25.